Av Örjan Appelqvist

5:e februari 2019

Just nu bevittnar vi en samstämmig flod av artiklar till stöd för Juan Guaido som utnämnts sig själv till ”interimspresident” i Venezuela och som USA och dess allierade i Latinamerika sedan omedelbart förklarat som landets legitime president.

En mängd stater i Europa har sedan följt i spåren även om de inte ännu officiellt brutit förbindelserna med president Maduro utan nöjt sig med att vädja om ”dialog” mellan regering och opposition med sikte på genomförande av ett nytt presidentval under internationell övervakning.

Sveriges urikesminister Margot Wallström talar om att uppgiften nu är att ”återupprätta demokratin” och genomföra ”fria och tillförlitliga val”. Det låter ju resonabelt men i sak betyder det att man – utan att motivera sakligt – hävdar att det inte råder en demokratisk ordning i Venezuela och att genomförda val inte varit fria och tillförlitliga.

Gäller det också det två val som oppositionen segrade i?

Det finns mycket man kan diskutera när det gäller Maduros sätt att hantera den ekonomiska kris landet hamnat i, men det gäller absolut inte regeringens hållning till demokratiska spelregler. Den har varit föredömlig.

Och det är av en uppenbar orsak: valfusk och kupper initierade av USA:s utrikesdepartement eller säkerhetspolis har varit en regel snarare än undantag i denna region så hårt pressad under USA:s hårdhänta stövel.

Kommer ni ihåg kuppen mot Honduras president Zelaya 2016? Visste ni att hundratals aktivister avrättats efter protester mot det valfusk som installerade ännu en USA:vasall 2017? Nej, jag kunde just tro det.

Just därför var Chavez så extremt nog med att upprätta valprocedurer som skulle minimera möjligheterna till valfusk. De bygger på en kombination av elektronisk och manuell registrering, på en biometrisk identifiering av väljarna och på en transparent och fortlöpande redovisning av val sammanräkningarna. Detta för att undvika de elektroniska manipulationer av röstsammanräkningen som blivit så vanliga i regionen (Mexiko. Honduras…).

Den förre USA-presidenten Jimmy Carter, vars Carter Center var aktivt i utvecklandet av dessa procedurer sade 2006: ”Jag stödjer visserligen inte Chavez politik men av de 92 val som vi i Carter Center övervakat skulle jag säga att proceduren i Venezuela är den bästa i världen”.

Proceduren bygger på en hög grad av öppenhet i förberedelserna: valkommissionen hade inför fjolårets presidentval inbjudit alla deltagande partier till 14 sammankomster då allt genomgicks: upprättandet av röstlängder, genomgången av tekniska apparatur, väljaridentifiering, utseende av valförrättare och observatörer.

Alla deltagande partier erbjöds att anmäla inhemska och internationella observatörer. I samband med presidentvalet i maj förra året deltog 2000 internationella observatörer, bl. annat officiella representanter från regionala organisationer och stater i Karibien. Observatörsgruppen var enig i godkännandet av det sätt på vilket valet genomfördes.

Trots att delar av oppositionen uppmanade till bojkott var valdeltagandet drygt 46%, betydligt högre än i de flesta länder i regionen, USA inbegripet. Maduro fick 67,8 %, oppositionens Henry Falcon 21% och den oberoende kandidaten Javier Bertucci 11%.

Det förtjänar att påpekas att den andel av samtliga röstberättigade (30,7% ) som Maduro fick i detta val är betydligt högre än det stöd som Trump, Bolsonaro, Macri fick när de valdes till presidenter i USA, Braslien och Argentina. Är de också illegitima?

Hur kan det då komma sig att nationalförsamlingen vägrat att godkänna att Maduro som president för kommande valperiod? För att förstå det måste vi gå tillbaka till parlamentsvalet 2015.

Det valet vanns klart av oppositionen och regeringspartiet godkände resultatet med ett undantag: tre deputerade i delstaten Amazonas anklagades för att ha blivit valda genom röstköp. Högsta Domstolen granskade ärendet och Valkommissionen beslöt att omval skulle genomföras när det gällde dessa mandat. Den nyvalda nationalförsamlingen vägrade då att gå med på detta, de menade att Högsta Domstolen och Valkommissionen var styrda av Chavez-anhängare och därför inget nationalförsamlingen behövde ta hänsyn till.

Inför detta uppenbara trots mot landets författning beslöt Högsta Domstolen att nationalförsamlingens beslut skulle vara av noll och intet värde in till dess att omval i Amazonas företagits.

Istället för att utnyttja den maktposition parlamentet uppnått inom rådande politiska system beslöt nationalförsamlingens Maduro-fientliga majoritet således att inleda ett uppror mot landets övriga myndigheter.

Under 2016 iscensatte oppositionen våldsamma demonstrationer, brände offentliga byggnader brändes ner och poliser som försökte skydda offentliga byggnader förvandlades till levande facklor: allt i syfte att få tillstånd en våldsspiral som kunde framkalla militära ingripanden. Antingen genom intern revolt i armén eller via utländsk intervention.

Det fortsatte under första halvåret 2017. En sammanställning gjord av oberoende journalister kom fram till att 124 personer dött under oroligheterna detta halvår. Det ska dock noteras att det enligt denna rapport var avsevärt fler som dött på grund av ”den fredliga oppositionens” våld än som dödats av polis och regeringsanhängare.

Regeringssidans svar på denna våldsspiral var att utlysa val till en ny, konstituerande församling som kunde bryta upp låsningen mellan regering och nationalförsamling. Den valdes i augusti 2017 med deltagande av 41,6 % av landets röstberättigade.

Den kan alltså hävdas ha en stor demokratisk legitimitet men låsningen mellan regering och nationalförsamling kunde den inte häva eftersom delar av oppositionen uppmanade till bojkott.

Wallströms uppmaning till dialog kan förefalla sympatisk men den bortser helt från den dialog som regeringen faktiskt bedrev under förspelet till presidentvalet.

På initiativ av Spaniens förre president José Luis Zapatero, Dominikanska republikens förre president, Leonel Fernandez, och Panamas förre president, Martin Torrijos, inleddes i maj 2016 en serie av inte mindre än 150 möten för att förbereda alla praktikaliteter kring inkallandet av ett förtida presidentval under 2018.

Allt gick igenom: tidpunkten, valförberedelserna, garantier för att valet skulle ske på ett transparent och ärligt sätt. Alla olika delar av oppositionen deltog. Ett omfattande dokument utarbetades gemensamt in i minsta detalj, ända till hur möblemanget skulle arrangeras vid den offentliga presskonferensen. I januari 2018 var det klart för påskrift.

Men i sista ögonblicket kapsejsade överenskommelsen. Delar av oppositionen ville inte längre underteckna det dokument de själva utarbetade under överinseende av bl.a Zapatero. Vad hade då skett?

Enligt Jorge Rodrigues, regeringens chefsförhandlare, hade oppositionens motpart, Julio Borges, nationalförsamlingens förre ordförande, under eftermiddagen fått ett telefonsamtal från Colombia, där Rex Tillerson, USA:s dåvarande utrikesminister befann sig.

Och plötsligt vägrade oppositionen att skriva under sitt eget dokument!

I det läget beslöt valkommissionen att trots allt genomföra presidentvalet på det sätt man varit överens om. En viktig del av oppositionen beslöt då att bortse på Tillersons ”vänliga råd” och ändå ställa upp med den kände oppositionsledaren Henry Falcon. Som tredje kandidat framträdde Luigi Bertolucci, oberoende men med starkt stöd i den evangeliska rörelsen.

Att mot bakgrund av det enormt omfattande arbete som Zapatero, Fernandez och Torrijos lagt ner för att skapa en samförståndslösning inför presidentvalet är Margot Wallströms uppmaning om ”dialog” snarast att betrakta som en örfil mot dessa fredsmäklare.

Det är att i ett svep utplåna allt det arbete som dialoginriktade företrädare för regering och opposition lagt ned. Det är att gynna de extremister som med USAs totala stöd på allt sätt vill förhindra fredliga lösningar och som aldrig kommer att ge sig med mindre än att landets folkvalde president kapitulerar.

Att tala om att ”återupprätta demokratin” är ett slag i ansiktet på Carter Center och på allt deras jordnära arbete för att främja hederliga val och fredlig samverkan i regionen.

Och sist men inte minst: faller övriga länder undan för USA:s oerhörda tilltag att bortse från folkrättsliga principer och utse handplockade vasaller till ”interimspresidenter” i länder som USA ogillar, då öppnas en Pandora ask som säkerligen leder till krig och förstörelse.

Jag har svårt att stå ut med att Margot Wallström så helt släppt det stolta arv av värnande folkrätten som makarna Myrdal, Olof Palme, Inga Thorsson och Sverker Åström givit oss.

Liksom jag upprörs över svenska journalisters okunniga flock-beteende och undfallenhet inför Trumps maktpolitik.

Örjan Appelqvist
– är docent i Ekonomisk Historia, f. Universitetslektor i Internationella Relationer, Stockholms Universitet.

2 Responses

  1. The Constitution of Venezuela stablishes that when there is a void of power the president of the national assembly should take over as interim president and call for new elections. Why was there a void of power? Because after the elections of 2015 that choose the Parlament (last democratic institution in the country), Maduro decided that he didn’t want them there. So he put illegally new judges in the supreme justice tribunal, and in 2018 he created against what the Constitution says a constituent national assembly to take over the duties of the real Parlament. This illegal assembly called for elections, that again an illegal institution cannot call for elections, thus those elections were NOT valid. Not to mention that any real possible candidate was forced to exile, in prision or was politically inhabilitated. After the 10 of January we DID NOT HAVE A PRESIDENT in Venezuela. The president of the Parlament just took over his duty as interim president as our Constitution stablishes. MADURO is a dictator and is killing people. You by supporting him are indirectly also supporting that. Please don’t be ignorant and read. You are Professor in economic history, no? Then read the facts. Poor students of you.

  2. Well Maria Victoria, you are obviously not so well informed about the Venezuelan constitution. You may have read its art 233 on the situation in case of void of power/in capacity of sitting president but not its at 234 that states that it’s only the supreme justice tribunal that can declare that such a void of power exists. But then you don’t like the supreme justice tribunal and their judges. And you think it’s up to you to decide who is ok and who is not. You want a recall when it suits you (elections 2018) but not when the electoral commission wanted one on the fraudulous elections in Amazonas, You think the electoral procedures are all ok when your buddies win, as in 2015, but not when the same procedures are used and your friends lose (as in 2018). And you really don’t seem to worry too much about the total disregard for international law on display by Bolton, Abrams and Pompeo. Let’s hope that the more patriotic parts of the venezuelan opposition will find its way towards a settlement with the government. ÖA

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