Falsk nyhed er russisk propaganda, sandt eller falsk?

Den 18. december bringer Altinget en nyhed med overskriften ”Russisk statsmedie gav den falske historie luft”. Jeg vil i denne artikel foretage en analyse af Altingets artikel, som jeg mener, har kastet almindelige journalistiske principper om kildekritik og bestræbelser på objektivitet over bord, fordi historien omhandler den gamle sovjetiske fjende fra øst.

Det danske politiske medie Altinget er et udmærket kritisk journalistisk medie, som behandler dansk politik og den offentlige debat på mangfoldig vis. Nu har Altinget rettet sin kritiske journalistik mod det store russiske statsmedie Sputnik, som Altinget kan dokumentere bringer en falsk nyhed den 4. november.

Altingets nyhed om Sputniks falske nyhed kommer i forlængelse af deres tidligere afsløring den 13. december af, at Jyllands-Posten den 7. november havde skrevet den samme historie som Sputnik.

Billedet til Sputniks artikel. (Foto: Sputnik)
Billedet til Sputniks artikel. (Foto: Sputnik)

Begge medier skriver, at 20.000 migranter i Bosnien stod ved grænsen til EU. Det viste sig at være 5000 migranter i stedet, da der ikke fandtes et notat, som kunne dokumentere de 20.000.

Tallet byggede i stedet på en mundtlig overlevering fra anonyme østrigske ministerielle embedsmænd.

Både Sputnik og Jyllands-Posten har historien fra Østrigs største avis Kronen Zeitung, men d. 18 december er historien ifølge ansvarshavende chefredaktør for Altinget Jakob Nielsen, at Sputnik kobler diskussionen om FN’s migrantpagt sammen med denne falske nyhed.

Russernes propaganda kommer

Ser man Altingets artikel i en større kontekst, bliver Rusland opfattet af en bred række af meningsdannere, politikere, statslige institutioner og medier i Danmark og vesten, som en stat, der distribuerer falske nyheder.

Dansk Institut for Internationale Studier (DIIS) udgav en onlinebrochure om “russisk desinformation” for at opfordre de danske gymnasieelever til, at være kritiske, når de læser nyheder, men kun hvis de handler om Rusland.

Forsvarets Efterretningstjeneste har tordnet mod truslen af falske nyheder fra Rusland, som man mener, at der er en ”sandsynlighed” for vil forsøge at påvirke danske valg.

Derfor ville den danske regering indføre en lov om påvirkningsvirksomhed, hvor det fremover skulle være strafbart i op til 12 år blot at dele et Facebook-opslag, der sympatiserer med Rusland – og kun Rusland.

Layout fra Dansk Institut for Internationale Studiers (DIIS) publikation “Trolde i dit feed”

Efter en sønderlæmmende kritik fra medieorganisationer og uafhængige jurister blev den del fjernet og erstattet med at nu skulle det blot være ulovligt at samarbejde med udenlandske efterretningstjenester.

Ytringsfriheden fik lov at stå ved magt, og det er fortsat tilladt frit at sympatisere med andre stater som Rusland og kritiserer NATO, hvis man vover at indlemme sig i den spinkle minoritetsgruppe i ny og næ.

Det er tydeligt, at Altingets artikel hviler på veletablerede holdninger i Danmark, der er yderst kritiske over for Rusland.

God journalistik er ellers ofte kendetegnet ved at bestræbe sig på at være objektiv, balanceret, kritisk og perspektivrig.

Breaking news: Endnu en falsk nyhed fra Rusland

Altinget dokumenterede som nævnt ugen forinden, at Jyllands-Posten havde viderebragt samme falske historie, som Sputnik har viderebragte. Begge medier har artiklen fra Kronen Zeitung.

Jyllands-Posten og Sputnik har dermed begået samme journalistiske synd – Man har baseret sig på blindt på en avis, som ifølge Jyllands-Posten har et godt renommé.

Jakob Nielsen fra Altinget mener dog, at historien hér, at Sputnik kobler den falske nyhed sammen med FN’s Migrationspagt. Alligevel bruger Altinget stort set hele artiklen på at begrunde, hvorfor man med god grund bør betvivle nyhedsmediet Sputnik.

Artiklen bliver et langt bevis for en anklage om, at Sputnik bevidst har viderebragt en falsk nyhed, som de aktivt har koblet til en flygtningedebat om FN’s Migrationspagt.

Altinget spørg en række kilder om Sputniks troværdighed og skriver:

”Nyhedsbureauet Sputnik er direkte finansieret af den russiske stat og modtager ifølge tidligere medarbejdere direkte dekreter fra Putin og styret i Kreml.”

De medarbejdere finder man ikke i artiklen, men derimod optræder en ekspert fra Københavns Universitet, Yevgeniy Golovchenko, som er Ph.d.-stipendiat og har forsket i desinformation. Han mener, at Sputnik sjældent er kritiske over for den russiske regering, og at de er på samme linje i synet på verden.

Dernæst inddrager man et gammelt citat fra Nato-talsmand i 2017, Oana Lungescu.

Hvis vi med en vis rimelighed kan antage, at Rusland og Nato opfattes som at værende i konflikt med hinanden, er det så en ekspertkilde eller en partskilde, man anvender her?

På samme måde vil man heller ikke kunne ringe til den Russiske Efterretningstjeneste og forvente en uafhængig ekspertvurdering. Oana Lungescu, som i sin profiltekst på Twitter skriver ”RT/follow doesn’t mean endorsement”, bliver citeret for at have sagt i 2017:

”Foretagender som Sputnik er en del af en Kreml-propagandamaskine, der forsøger at bruge information til politiske og militære behov.”

NATO bakker altså op om, at Sputnik er en del af en ”propagandamaskine”. Når man kan videregive en etårig grov beskyldning som denne uden at et mindste gram af et kritisk forbehold, kunne man påstå, at journalisten har taget lidt for meget af sin kulturelle opdragelse og sine holdninger med på arbejde.

Oana Lungescu, talsmand for NATO

Det næste stykke dokumentation i citatform kommer fra den franske præsident Macron, der i maj 2017 ganske rigtigt kritiserede Sputnik og Russia Today. Igen, hvilken organisation er Frankrig medlem af?

De tre kilder mener altså, at Sputnik er en ”propagandamaskine”.

Den historie kan et dansk nyhedsmedie skrive hver dag, hvis det handler om at bringe holdninger. De dokumenterer ikke den overordnede påstand, som denne artikel hviler på – at et russisk statsmedie bevidst har videreformidlet en falsk nyhed.

Altinget opsøger kilder og finder gamle citater, der støtter anklagen om at Sputnik i modsætning til Jyllands-Posten har begået fejlen med vilje. 

Propagandaens massive omfang

Som yderligere dokumentation for nyhedens relevans, fortæller Altinget hvor stort et omfang propagandamaskinens spredning af falske nyheder rækker.

Læseren bliver informeret om, hvor stort et geografisk område Sputnik spreder sig over, og hvor mange sprog mediet udkommer på. Vi hører også om det andet statsejede medie Russia Today og deres 100 millioner seere om ugen.

Sputnik og Russia Today, som er de to største russiske medier udkommer begge internationalt. De bliver i artiklen pakket ind i samme pakke og bliver sammenlagt bevis for, hvor stort et problem de her falske nyheder er, og dermed hvor magtfuld den russiske ”propagandamaskine” er.

Hvis man køber Altingets selektive grundige dokumentation, bliver læserens konklusion sandsynligvis, at de ikke kan stole på det de læser i Sputnik eller hører og ser på Russia Today.

Den samme konklusion er NATO, den danske regering og Forsvarets Efterretningstjeneste nået frem til.

Det danske demokrati hylder muligvis ytringsfriheden og offentlig debat, men de fremtrædende magtinstanserne i landet, er alle enige om, at man ikke kan stole på det, de skriver. 

Som kritisk demokratisk borger bliver du dermed efterladt tilbage med én mulighed – Læs om Rusland i vestlige medier. Altingets artikel illustrerer, hvordan danske medier ikke lever op til objektivitet og kildekritik angående nyheder om Rusland.

Man kunne lave den sammenligning, at hvis man udelukkende læser russiske medier, vil man få en russisk vinkel på nyheder om vesten.

Altingets artikel er et eksempel på, når et dansk medie peger fingre af russerne og deres falske nyheder og bilder den danske befolkning to ting ind.

For det første, at Rusland bevidst har distribueret falske nyheder tidligere og derfor gør det igen og igen gennem diverse medier og platforme.

For det andet, at vestlige medier som Altinget og Jyllands-Posten er objektive formidlere af sandheder og ikke selv er politisk og kulturelt farvet i sin egen journalistik.

De tykke murer

Altingets nyhed kan koges ned til, at det store russiske statsmedie Sputnik ukritisk har videreformidlet en falsk historie til en kæmpe læserskare med fuldt overlæg.

Det er altså ikke tilfældet med det danske medie Jyllands-Posten, som begår samme fejl, hvor udlandsredaktør Henrik Thomsen er citeret for at sige:

”For os er det selvfølgelig irriterende, at vi ikke kan dokumentere det rigtigt. Om vi har været naive? Vi troede, det stod til troende, hvad der fremgik af den østrigske avis,”

I mellem tiden har ingen rettet nogle skummel mistanke mod Kronen Zeitung, hvor den falske nyhed stammer fra oprindeligt.

I det lys er det bemærkelsesværdigt at observere, hvordan journalistiske principper kan gradbøjes, når de omhandler sager om Rusland og falske nyheder.

Jeg håber, at de danske medier en dag også lærer at mestre selvkritik af den journalistik, de laver af stater, der til tider foretager handlinger, som gør ondt på os.

I det øjeblik vil danske og vestlige medier komme tættere på at være det, som de ophøjer sig selv til at være.

Troværdige frie medier, der formidler sandheder, uafhængigt af interesser og holdninger.

Den udvikling som mediernes dækning af Rusland har taget i de senere år har kun resulteret i en skyttegravskrig, med russiske medier i den ene grav og vestlige medier i det andet, og ingen af dem gør et forsøg på at komme op.

Det vil være forbilledligt, hvis danske medier gik forrest og rev sig en anelse mere fri fra deres kulturelle og sociale fundament.

Det kan godt være, at russiske medier spreder falske nyheder som dikteres direkte fra Kreml, men det er med stor sorg, jeg oplever, at danske medier ikke kan reflektere over, om de selv udfylder samme rolle, hvis man så det fra russernes side. 

Først når der opstår et hul i den tykke mur, vil der være mulighed for selvrefleksion i de danske medier. Den dag bliver det muligt at erkende, at der er andre måder at anskue verden på end vores egen, og i den erkendelse kommer der mere forståelse, og vi kan nærme os dialog, mindre konflikt og mere fred.  

Lige nu bidrager danske medier til det modsatte.

Det er desværre min oplevelse, at muren er blevet så tyk, at hvis man forsøger at hævde andet end den sandhed, som dominerer indenfor de vægge, løber man kun panden mod muren og på den står, FALSK!

6 Responses

  1. Ingen problem for den, der er 200% enig med artiklens indhold. Men jeg er lidt bang for, at forfatterens langtrukken og forholdsvis kluntet argumentation kan virke imod hensigten.

  2. Hej Robert. Konstruktiv kritik modtages gerne. Kan du uddybe nærmere, hvorfor du mener det? Vh. Jesper

  3. Kudos for your principled position! Nowadays, the anti-Russian propaganda in the English-speaking West is beyond anything I have seen (I grew up in a communist state). Strangely, a country like Denmark, which is in so many ways the opposite of USA, aligns itself 100% with the US on foreign policy. Apart from financial interests, the only logic i see for the Danish elites, is the hope that the Big Brother will protect the small nation from the aggressive “bear in the East”, but this is very naive view. Any confrontation with Russia will be most significantly felt in Europe. Denmark, together with most countries close to the Russian Western frontier will be destroyed, not protected! Moreover, I believe a war with Russia will lead to a nuclear confrontation, and then those US elites, who instigate all the tensions with Russia, will be destroyed too… People do not know what the consequences of (even a limited) nuclear war are…

  4. Hej Jesper, jeg ved ikke hvordan jeg kan udtrykke det anderledes, uden at virke fornærmende (men det kunne jeg ikke tænke mig) Måske på den måde: hvis din artikel var mere sammenhængende og halv så lang vil den nok tjene sit formål bedre. Mvh.

  5. Dear Konstantin. Thanks for your comment and for sharing your perspective about this subject. It is very interesting for me to learn more about how different people from different countries experience the western media coverage of Russia.

  6. Hej Jasper, I would be glad to give you my perspective (I travel to Denmark every month), but I don’t think it is representative of the people from my (or any other) country… I believe that my viewpoints are representative of a sensible person who tries to build his opinion on facts. Unfortunately, it is getting difficult to distinguish facts from propaganda narratives. The western media is already in the business of creating “facts” – the coverage of Syria, for example, with the fake footage of “gas attacks” created by the White Helmets… I really worry about the world in which my children will have to live. Even if we somehow solve our existential challenges (nuclear and climate), we seem to be heading towards an Orwellian world where super-rich elites are controlling not only the World’s resources, but also the information, so that they can justify whatever policies they want… Russia is just a suitable target for the US empire (and all EU states act as vassals), which is used to justify the huge military budget and enrich the elites that make huge profits from this destructive business. And of course, if the Russian state (miraculously) surrenders to the Western dictate, a new target will be manufactured immediately in order to justify the military spending… We can already identify in US almost all elements of the world described in 1984… and it pains me to watch the EU, including the Scandinavian states, follow suit…

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