De svenska stridsflygplan som sattes in i Libyen borde användas till att också angripa mål på marken i offensiv krigföring. Det tyckte Folkpartiets militante ledare Jan Björklund, när den svenska insatsen i Libyen diskuterades i mars 2011.

Så blev det dessbättre inte. Men Sverige deltog, med brett parlamentariskt stöd, i ett krig som efteråt alltför lite har ifrågasatts. Sverige svarade för en fjärdedel av flygspaningen för att lokalisera bombmål.

Kriget kallades ”humanitär intervention” och genomfördes av Nato med stöd av FN-resolution nummer 1 973.

Men i själva verket var det inget annat än ett traditionellt kolonialkrig, sammanfattar den norske fredsforskaren Ola Tunander i sin bok Libyenkrigets geopolitik, som är en svidande genomgång av krigets förutsättningar och konsekvenser. Det här är en bok som politiker som Björklund och Bildt borde läsa. Om de gör det tvivlar jag på att de kommer att sova gott efteråt.

Libyen var 2010 Afrikas rikaste land, med ett utvecklat välfärdssystem. Inkomsterna från oljan användes till fri utbildning, gratis sjukvård, fri el och vatten och till att stödja andra och fattiga stater i Afrika.

Muammar Gaddafi var initiativtagare till Afrikanska Unionen och ville skapa en afrikansk valuta, som motvikt till euron och dollarn.

Libyens rikedomar kommer från oljan. I landet finns hälften av all olja i Afrika. Det libyska statliga oljebolaget underkastade sig på despoten Gaddafis tid inte amerikanska och brittiska intressen. Gaddafi nationaliserade landets oljetillgångar på 1970-talet.

Snart två år efter kriget har Gaddafis auktoritära stat ersatts av en fragmenterad ”misslyckad stat”, ett land av rivaliserande stadsstater och klaner, med ständiga konflikter mellan olika kriminella gäng och beväpnande grupper och ingen central statsmakt som kan återuppbygga landet. Samma islamistiska soldater med al-Qaida-band som fick stöd av USA för att störta Gaddafi vänder sig nu mot USA, på liknande vis som skedde i Afghanistan.

Tunander, som är forskningsprofessor vid PRIO, Peace Research Institute Oslo, ger en radikalt annorlunda bild av kriget i Libyen än den gängse i västliga medier.

Han menar att kriget var noga planerat av Frankrike, Storbritannien och USA i allians med Qatar, Saudiarabien och inhemska makteliter.

De libyska rebellerna använde sig av den amerikanska PR-firman Patton Boggs (den mest inflytelserika i Washington) och The Harbour Group, som framgångsrikt manipulerade bilden av inbördeskriget.

I en första fas uppfattades i väst det som skedde i Libyen som en fortsättning på den arabiska våren i Tunisien och Egypten. Den bilden är helt missvisande, understryker Tunander. Diktatorerna i Egypten och Tunisien hade nära band till franska och italienska politisk-militära eliter. Kämparna på Tahrirtorget hämtade inspiration från bland annat ickevåldskampen i Serbien mot Milosevic. Kriget i Libyen var något helt annat.

I Libyen inleddes redan från början en välplanerad väpnad kamp, där libyska eliter lierade sig med västliga stormakter. Flera hundra franska, brittiska och amerikanska soldater ur specialstyrkor fanns på marken i Libyen i mitten av mars 2011. USA:s kommandofartyg Mount Whitney låg utanför Libyens kust redan i februari och blev krigets kommandocentral.

Antalet döda på rebellsidan överdrevs tio- eller tjugofalt, liksom Gaddafis hot mot Benghazi då det hette att ”100 000 riskerade att dödas av Gaddafis trupper”, vilket ledde till FN-resolutionen 1973. Återkommande rapporterades om Gaddafis ”svarta legosoldater”, som påstods döda fredliga demonstranter.

Men mellan tio och tjugo procent av Libyens befolkning är svarta. De utsattes av rebellerna för etnisk rensning. 900 000 libyer, varav de flesta svarta, har flytt från Libyen. Tawergha, en libysk stad med 30 000 svarta invånare är i dag en död ruinstad. Human Rights Investigation talar om etnisk rensning och folkmord i staden: ”… demoniseringen av svarta människor har lett till omfattande grymheter, inklusive lynchningar och halshuggningar …”

En annan kuriös PR-historia gav vid hand att Gaddafi utrustade sina soldater med Viagra och uppmanade dem till våldtäkt av fiendesidans kvinnor.

Påståendet återgavs bland annat av Internationella Brottsmålsdomstolens chefsåklagare. Men en senare gjord FN-utredning fann inga som helst belägg. Allt man kunde få fram var några intakta Viagraförpackningar utanför utbrända Gaddafi-stridsvagnar.

Tunander jämför Viagrahistorien med en händelse under i Kuwaitkriget 1990, där man spred en påhittad historia om att Saddam Hussains soldater slet ut barn ur kuvöser.

Det libyska folket är förlorarna efter kriget. På liknande vis som afghaner och irakier tvingas man nu leva i en sönderslagen våldspräglad stat efter ett kolonialt krig. Vinnare är framförallt USA och Storbritannien som övertagit kontrollen över Libyens olja.

Världsopinionen blev fullständigt manipulerad, skriver Ola Tunander och dokumenterar grundligt skälen till sin slutsats.

Hans bok ger ett ”väsentligt bidrag till historieskrivningen om vår inte så ljusa samtid”, som Anders Björnsson skriver i sitt förord.

En fråga som jag återkommer till under läsningen är: Hur kunde det komma sig att svenska politiker över hela det politiska fältet så aningslöst ställde upp på ett så orättfärdigt och destruktivt krig?

Ursprungligen tryckt i Helsingborgs Dagblad den 2 januari 2013.

Sören Sommelius
soren.sommelius@hd.se
042-489 90 45

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