Som broar över mörka vatten – ett integrationsprojekt

Av Christina Spännar & Vibeke Bing

Kanske du associerar TFF med Jugoslavien, Burundi, Irak, Iran, ickevåld och fredsdebatt? Men vi har i tre år också arbetat med frågor kring integration med tonvikten lagd på ensamkommande barn från Afghanistan. Insatsen här har letts av författarna av denna projektsammanfattning.

Vi är stolta över att nu publicera bloggen Som Broar Över Mörka Vatten där allt material finns. Projektet har finansierats av Arvsfonden.

“När vi åkte gummibåt över Turkiets hav till Samos i Grekland greps vi av Grekiska poliser. Poliserna kastade alla våra kläder i havet och gjorde små hål i vår båt.” Ali

“På kvällen satt vi i en båt. Vi åkte till Grekland. På vägen till Grekland fick vi problem med båten. En polisbåt kom och klippte sönder en del av motorn. Vi paddlade med händerna och fyra åror.” Hassan

Vi lever i en märklig tid. Framför våra ögon pågår en stor migrationsvåg av ensamma barn. Något liknande har inte hänt sedan de finska vinterkrigsbarnen kom till Sverige på 40-talet.

De barn, som utan föräldrar, nu flytt hit undan krigets fasor har gjort en annan resa. De kommer från länder vi inte vet mycket om. Vilka är dessa barn och ungdomar, vad tänker de på och hur är livet i Sverige? Vi har lärt känna och lyssnat till några av dem. De är alla från Afghanistan.

Hur deras berättelser kommit till och vad de har att säga kan man läsa i denna rapport, som summerar tre års projektarbete. Här kan man också få veta hur vi sökt arbetsformer som kan underlätta den svåra etableringsfasen.

Vid öppnandet av en utställning

Vi berör också det komplicerade i att återförenas som familj.

Vi vänder oss till alla som arbetar med barn, ungdomar och föräldrar. Men också till alla som är nyfikna på vad som sker i vår samtid.
Känns läsningen tung – bläddra vidare till pojkarnas berättelser och det öppnas en ny värld.

En av de unga sammanfattar vår tid tillsammans såhär:

– “Jag har fått hjälp, ni har fått hjälp, vi hade kul!”

Det är bara att instämma!

Vibeke Bing
Projektledare, folkhälsovetare
vibeke@vibekebing.se
076-6451147
0304-663396

Christina Spännar
Projektledare, sociolog
christina.spannar@telia.com
070-1450171
046-129249

Sammanfattning av projektet

Som broar över mörka vatten – ett integrationsprojekt har haft som övergripande syfte att stärka människor i övergångsskeden i livet. Målgrupper har varit nyblivna föräldrar, ensamkommande flyktingbarn/ungdomar samt föräldrar som kommit till Sverige som flyktingar eller som anhöriginvandrare till ensamkommande flyktingbarn och ungdomar.

De övergångsskeden som stått i fokus är att bli förälder och att migrera. I det senare fallet handlar det om att bryta upp från ett socialt sammanhang och finna sig till rätta i ett nytt. I migrationsprocessen ingår ofta också att återförenas som familj efter år av splittring.

Projektet kan liknas vid ett träd, där stammen utgörs av det gemensamma och grenarna de olika delarna; två familjecentraler, ensamkommande ungdomar och en afghansk kvinnogrupp. Projektet har kretsat kring nyckelbegreppen berättelse, brobyggare och integration.

Berättelsen
Berättelsen tar utgångspunkt i ett arbetssätt kallat Pedagogisk Familjedokumentation. Det har under tiotalet år utvecklats på familjecentralen Familjehuset Trädet i Västra Frölunda, Göteborg. Där är denna narrativa arbetsform en del av föräldrastödet, som innebär att nyblivna föräldrar i små grupper gör album med texter och bilder till sina nyfödda barn.

Grundtanken är att alla barn har rätt till sin historia, men minnet omfattar inte denna livets första tid. För föräldrarna är det ett tillfälle att reflektera över sin egen barndom, inte minst om de saknar dokumentation om denna. Bilder framkallar berättelser och berättelser illustreras med bilder. Detta har ensamkommande ungdomar förmedlat genom utställning och film. Arabisktalande kvinnor på familjecentralen Familjens Hus i Malmö har skapat bilder för att ge uttryck för känslor, som är svåra att återge i ord.

Att berätta något för någon som lyssnar innebär bekräftelse. Berättelsen är samtidigt ett redskap för att skapa sammanhang och kontinuitet i livet. Mötet mellan berättare och lyssnare öppnar för dialog. Berättelserna har bidragit till kunskap och samtidigt avtäckt dold kompetens hos målgruppen, som kan komma samhället tillgodo.

Brobyggarna
Brobyggarna i projektet har varit en arabisktalande brobyggare, som ingått i arbetsgemenskapen på Familjens Hus och en afghansk brobyggare, som saknat arbetsplats. Den senare har haft svårt att ’lämna jobbet på jobbet’ och inte bara varit tillgänglig för de ensamkommande ungdomarna och den afghanska kvinnogruppen utan också för sina landsmän i vardags- som krissituationer.

En brobyggare är lekman. Kompetensen är grundad såväl i hemkultur som i det nya samhället och dess kultur. Genom att vara uppvuxen i en kultur och samtidigt väl etablerad i en annan kan det gamla och välbekanta länkas med det nya och främmande. Denna kulturtolkning underlättar migrationsprocessen. Brobyggaren skapar sammanhang och kontinuitet. Arbetet bygger på tillit från målgrupp, medarbetare och representanter för det svenska samhället. Det innebär en balansgång där alla känner respekt, tillit och förståelse. Projektets båda brobyggare har synliggjort glapp mellan samhällsstruktur och verklighet. En professionell tolk har en annan mycket viktig uppgift och förmedlar ordagrant det sagda och är därmed indirekt distanserad.

Integrationen
Projektet har undersökt integrationens förutsättningar. Erfarenheter har delats med liknande projekt. En av integrationens förutsättningar är det mellanmänskliga mötet. Socialsekreterare Maria Sundvall sammanfattar sina lärdomar efter ett års samarbete med brobyggare på familjecentral i Linköping:

”Det var först när jag började släppa min bild av vem jag trodde att jag skulle möte, byggd på en mix av knapphändiga kunskaper, erfarenheter och fördomar, som jag kunde börja möta dem som människor. Ni vet hur människor är – vi får reda på något, läser eller hör något och så börjar vi bygga ihop en bild, sätter ihop olika pusselbitar och tolkar det sedan som verklighet och utgår från att det är sant. Det är också mänskligt även om det inte är så funktionellt – för vi blir ofta lurade – av oss själva.”

Det är en formulering som bekräftar erfarenheterna av Som broar över mörka vatten; förhållningssättet har betydelse för integrationen och det kan förändras. Integration handlar om ömsesidighet och respekt som förutsättningar med kommunikation och dialog som redskap. Resultatet blir kunskap om varandras livsvärld, normer och värderingar.

Slutsatser
Det finns mycket dold kunskap som behöver lyftas fram och komma fler tillgodo. Regelverk och administrativa rutiner bör förenklas för att den drivkraft, som behövs för att etablera sig i ett nytt land, skall kunna hållas uppe. I ett barnperspektiv är tiden knapp.

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