PressInfo #154 – Sanktionerne mod Irak og konsekvenserne afmad-for-olie-programmet

2 uger i Irak giver ikke tilstrækkelig kundskab til at kunne give en gennemgribende analyse af forholdene der. Men det er tilstrækkeligt længe til at kunne bekræfte det billede som fremføres med kraft af de individer og organisationer, som dagligt oplever og kæmper med menneskelige problemer, som man ellers finder i de mest tilsidesatte u-lande. Det er heller ikke min hensigt at forsøge at påvirke opinionen med følelsesladede udtryk, men bare at formidle nogen af de kendsgerninger, der foreligger.

Lidt sanktionshistorie

I mere end 10 år har FN fastholdt sanktioner mod Irak. I løbet af de sidste år har 3 af FNs højeste repræsentanter i Irak forladt deres post som protest mod urimelighederne i sanktionsprogrammet. Samtlige organisationer (FNorganisationer og andre), som er involverede i det såkaldte Mad-for-Olie-program har på forskellig vis tilkendegivet deres negative indstilling til sanktionerne og krævet, at de snarest ophæves eller udformes på en anden måde. Hvorfor ?

På baggrund af Iraks invasion af Kuwait besluttede FNs sikkerhedsråd at indføre sanktioner mod Irak i henhold til FN-pagtens kapitel VII. Dette indebærer principielt afbrydelse af alle økonomiske og diplomatiske forbindelser og af al trafik (vand-, land-, luft- og teletrafik). Betingelsen for sanktionernes ophør, i.h.t. Sikkerhedsrådets beslutning i 1991 (UNSCR 687) er i kort gengivelse: uskadeliggørelse af masseødelæggelsesvåben, et løfte om ikke i fremtiden at udvikle eller anskaffe sådanne våben og gennem samarbejde med FNs våbeninspektionsprogram at bevise, at disse våben ikke findes og heller ikke udvikles. Dertil kommer at Irak skal forpligte sig til at anerkende den internationale grænseaftale med Kuwait af 1963, ikke at støtte eller udføre international terrorisme, at sende alle kuwaitere og andre landes borgere hjem, at tilbagelevere al kuwaitisk ejendom og at kompensere de, der har lidt tab og skader på grund af invasionen.

Mad-for-Olie-programmet giver ikke Irak nogen indkomst

Selvom FN allerede i to resolutioner i 1991 foreslog et hjælpeprogram, accepterede Irak først i 1996 igangsættelsen af et sådant baseret på foregående års Sikkerhedsrådsbeslutning (UNSCR 986). Resolutionen bygger på, at Irak tillades at eksportere en vis mængde olie og for indkomsterne fra salget tillades at indkøbe mad og andre “humanitære fornødenheder”. For den første 6 måneders mandatperiode beløb denne eksport sig til 2000 millioner USD og i 2001 (2 mandatperioder) beløb den sig til ca. 11000 millioner USD.

Desværre er dette ikke hele sandheden. Af “indkomsten” for den solgte olie går kun 53 % til den del af Irak, som står under regeringens kontrol, d.v.s. til ca 20 millioner indbyggere, mens resten er reserveret til kompensation til de, der led tab og skader under Iraks invasion af Kuwait (30 %), til de 3 nordlige provinser med 3,5 millioner kurdere (13 %) og de resterende 4 % til FNs driftsomkostninger til Mad-for-Olie-programmet (OFFP). Irak kunne altså i 2001 disponere over ca. 6000 millioner USD (300 USD/person/år) til indkøb af levnedsmidler og andre væsentlige fornødenheder.

Med andre ord: for en fjerdedel af den svenske stats årlige udgift til sociale udgifter, skal Iraks regering ernære og sørge for velfærden for en befolkning, der er dobbelt så stor som den svenske.

Indkomsten for den irakiske olie indsættes på en særlig FN-konto. Herfra betaler FN udenlandske leverandører af varer og tjenester. Irak disponerer således ikke over indkomsten i rede penge men handelen kan sammenlignes med tidligere tiders byttehandel. Irak leverer olie og FN leverer mad m.m. (Oil-for-Food).

Listen over varer, som Irak ikke kan få er uendelig

I henhold til det rådende system laver Irak en liste, som sendes til FN, med en opgørelse over det samlede behov for den kommende 6 måneders periode. FNs sanktionskomite gennemgår listen for at kontrollere, at de varer Irak har angivet som behov ikke strider mod sanktionernes indhold, d.v.s. at varerne ikke må kunne udnyttes til militære formål. Problemet er, at et normalt samfund har behov for højteknologisk udstyr for at der kan blive økonomisk tilvækst og anden udvikling. De fleste lande anvender en del sådan udrustning både i den civile og i den militære sektor – men den slags må Irak ikke importere.

Listen over materiel, som ikke må importeres fordi det eventuelt kunne anvendes militært er uendelig og håbløs i sin tekniske detaljeringsgrad. Og den fastholdes stift, således at klor – det stof som WHO anbefaler til sundhedssikring af drikkevand – ikke må importeres, med begrundelsen, at det evt. kunne misbruges til kemiske våben. Når man gennemlæser listen over de tusindvis af artikler, tvinges man til at spørge sig selv om meningen er at forhindre en militær anvendelse af sagerne eller snarere at forhindre en suveræn stats udvikling – eller måske endnu være – dens overlevelse.

Et velfærdssamfund under afvikling

Den største del af det, der skaber et lands velstand og konkurrenceevne, nægtes således Irak. Man kan desværre bare konstatere, at vi er vidner til en afvikling og tilbageskruning af et samfund, som for 15 år siden regnedes som et af mest fremskredne med gratis sundheds- og sygehusvæsen og en blomstrende industri.

For det enkelte menneske har sanktionerne været ødelæggende, hvilket samstemmende afspejles i det store antal af rapporter. Selvom visse (som altid i forbudssituationer) lever forholdsvis godt, så lever hovedparten under uacceptable forhold – men ikke således at der mangler kilokalorier. Gennem et omfattende madfordelingsprogram får hver familie det antal kalorier, der kræver for at overleve (2472 Kcal/dag/person og 60,2 gram protein/dag/person !!) FN har således gennem den nuværende udformning af Mad-for-Olie-programmet skabt en fuldstændig enestående afhængighed.

Dette skal ses på baggrund af, at Verdensfødevareprogrammet (WFP) mellem 1991 og 1998 uddelte totalt 500.000 ton levnedsmidler, mens FNs uddeling i Irak idag omfatter 300.000 ton pr måned. Med andre ord – i et land, der ejer verdens næststørste oliereserve, er man næsten totalt afhængig af en tildeling af levnedsmidler, som ellers er forbeholdt de mest nødstedte u-land. I sandhed absurd.

Resultatet for almindelige mennesker

For en person med en mellemindkomst (hvis man overhovedet kan tale om en sådan gruppe i dag) udgør denne madpakke 83 % af den månedlige indkomst. Lønnen for en lærer er 30 USD/måned, hvoraf de 25 USD udgøres af tildelt mad. Resultatet er bl.a. en sortbørshandel, emigration og beklageligvis også prostitution. Eftersom FN sørger for, at den enkelte borger får det tilstrækkelige antal kilokalorier og regeringen distribuerer maden, overlever individet, men en tidligere veluddannet middelklasse er skrumpet ind i en sådan grad, at det kommer til at påvirke samfundet i generationer.

Det hænger sammen med, at penge kun findes i meget begrænset udstrækning. Mad-for-Olie-programmet er som tidligere nævnt en naturalhandel og selv om det indeholder en kontantdel, så er denne af politiske grunde aldrig realiseret. På grund af den irakiske dinars fald fra 1 ID for 3 USD i 1985 til 2000 ID for 1 USD i dag og p.g.a. manglen på likvide midler forekommer der knapt løn i sædvanlig betydning af ordet. Arbejdsløsheden har også taget helt urimeligt til og udgør 40 – 50 %.

Sanktionernes værste konsekvenser er “skjulte”

Der kan ikke udbetales løn til lærere – og elever har ikke mulighed for at betale for studier (der tidligere var gratis). Således er undervisningen målt i antal elever sunket drastisk, både den almene og den på universiteterne. Man taler i dag om en allerede tabt generation. Konsekvenserne heraf kommer til at påvirke hele samfundet i de næste 20 – 30 år.

Rapporterne fra forskellige FNorganer, menneskerettighedsorganisationer, hjælpeorganisationer, parlamentarikere og forskere taler alle samme sprog: sanktionsprogrammet er aldeles ødelæggende. Underernæring og ubehandlet drikkevand har forringet den almindelige sundhedstilstand. Sammen med manglende ressourcer i sygehusvæsenet har det resulteret i en øget dødelighed og mindsket antallet af fødsler; specielt taler den dramatiske stigning i børnedødeligheden sit tydelige sprog. Antallet af elever er mindsket ved samtlige læreanstalter og specielt er faldet stort for kvinder. Øget kønsadskillelse og mindsket sekularisering er andre synlige tegn på en ændret samfundsstruktur. Samtidig sker der en intellektuel forarmning, dels p.g.a. mangel på undervisningsmidler og lærere, dels den emigration af middelklassen, der er sket og stadig sker. Dertil kommer manglen på økonomiske og materielle ressourcer som umuliggør opretholdelsen af den industrielle, økonomiske og sociale infrastruktur.

Som middelalderens sult- og krigspolitik

Kort sagt har FNs sanktioner mod Irak gennem 10 år forvandlet et næsten fuldt udviklet industriland til et udviklingsland. Mad-for-Olie-programmet er ikke blevet løsningen på et problem – det er blevet et problem.

Frit at spekulere om fremtiden er en fornøjelse forbeholdt politikere og økonomer. Man kunne mene at for Irak var spørgsmålet om en eventuel krig afgørende. Sådan er det ikke – ikke for den enkelte borger. Han/hun har nok med sin hverdag – med at overleve – at finde en udvej. Med den totale afhængighed af de 350.000 ton mad pr måned overlever man netop, men med en krig, hvor FNs og de irakiske myndigheders særdeles effektive fordelingsmekanisme slås i stykker, bliver det en helt anden sag.

I et historisk perspektiv er Irak et interessant studie. For at opnå sine mål, morede middelalderens fyrster sig med at omringe og belejre fæstninger. Når sulten og forarmningen var nået tilstrækkelig langt, angreb man, slog det i stykker, der var tilbage og delte byttet med sine allierede. Er vi ikke nået længere i udviklingen ?

© TFF 2002

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