Efter Dayton-aftalen om Bosnien har Kosovo-spørgsmålet fået fornyet aktualitet. Kosovo er en region inden for Serbien og med mange staters, herunder Danmarks, anerkendelse af det nye Jugoslavien har man taget stilling for at det skal den forblive at være.

Kosovo-albanernes moderate ikkevoldspolitik under Dr. Ibrahim Rugova, præsident for den selvudråbte republik Kosova, blir nu udsat for et voksende pres: en majoritet af de to millioner albanere spørger sig selv hvorfor den udlovede Kosova-republik forblir et symbol snarere end en realitet. Det kan lede til en omlægning i retning af en mere militant holdning; dén vil serbiske ekstremister vide at udnytte i forhold til præsident Slobodan Milosevic’ moderate politik.

Man kan også tænke sig et andet scenario: udviklingen i Bosnien og det internationale samfunds håndtering af den kan efterhånden medføre et sådant pres på Serbien at borgerkrigslignende forhold opstår. I en sådan situation kan albanske og serbiske yderliggående grupper i en ond cirkel hvirvle Kosovo ud i et blodbad.

Konflikten er gammel, dyb og følelsesladet. Uden at være dommer kan man sige at der er begået betydelige fejl på begge sider i årtier. Desværre findes der ingen hurtige og gode løsninger. Men det faktum at konflikten i dag ikke udkæmpes med militære midler giver omverdenen forhandlingsmuligheder, den ikke vil have senere.

Hverken serberne eller kosovo-albanerne ønsker — eller har det mindste at vinde på — krig. Det véd de begge. Alligevel har konflikter en egen logik, der af og til er uafhængig af lederes hensigter. Vi, der er udenforstående, kan opartiskt hjælpe parterne med at undgå dette.

Konsekvenserne af et voldeligt sammenbrud vil blive værre end Bosniens og med al sandsynlighed involvere Makedonien, som selv har en egen utilfreds albansk minoritet, Albanien og måske Bulgarien og Grækenland.

Det internationale samfund bør bistå serberne og albanerne med at finde en forhandlingsløsning. Desværre savner Europe, med sine altfor mange i hovedsagen militære organisationer fra fortiden, en ny tænkemåde, en samling normer og praktiske redskaber for at håndtere et spørgsmål som Kosovo. Alle forsøg på mægling har hidtil været ad hoc og uden resultat bl. a. på grund af isoleringen af den Føderale Republik Jugoslavien.

Kun serberne og albanerne kan komme frem til en løsning, som er acceptabel og holdbar. Hvad Tredjeparter kan er udelukkende at hjælpe dem på vej. Det klogeste vil derfor være at opgive enhver søgen efter et “quick fix” og istedet arbejde for overgangsformer, hvorunder parterne i ro og mag kan genopbygge så megen tillid at løsningen både kan findes og holde på langt sigt.

Løsningen kan tænkes at blive bedre minoritetsbeskyttelse, forskellige typer af autonomi, deling, selvstændighed, kondominium, protektorat, konføderation eller noget helt andet &emdash; men det skal de selv finde frem til. Målet er ikke en løsning, som Europa eller USA vil have, men derimod at skabe forudsætninger for at menneskene kan leve fredeligt sammen eller som gode naboer. Kort sagt, kan man altså godt glemme en Dayton-lignende process vedrørende problemet Kosovo.

Hvorledes kan vi hjælpe dem?

* Et første skridt kunne bestå i at etablere en multinational, civil FN-myndighed i Kosovo, som giver parterne mulighed for at gå til rødderne af problemet og forhandle sig til en løsning. FN har desuden brug for en ny type opgaver og er allerede tilstede i Makedonien. Den europæiske sikkerheds- og samarbejdsorganisa-tion, OSCE, og ikke-statslige samfundsorganisationer kunne ligeledes drages ind i projektet. Man kan kalde det UNTANS &emdash; United Nations Temporary Authority for a Negotiated Settlement.

* Et memorandum undertegnes mellem det ny Jugoslavien og FNs Sikkerhedråd ifølge hvilket FN for en periode af tre år overtager dele af områdets daglige administration, hvilket skal reducere spændingen. Et folkeretligt dokument er allerede udarbejdet.

* Demilitarisering af alle tropper og politi i Kosovo og i samme periode med undtagelse af hvad Jugoslavien har brug for til legitimt selvforsvar.

* Oprettelse af en permanent Professionnel Forhandlings-Facilitet, som hjælper parternes delegationer at opnå et resultat inden for de tre år; myndighedens ledelse vælges fra lande, der ikke har markante interesser i området.

* Provinsens paramilitære tropper og politi erstattes med internationalt civil-politi og monitorer, som samarbejder med internationale civile, ikke-statslige organisationer, der er stationeret i området.

* Fredsbyggeri, såsom undervisning i konfliktforståelse og forsoning, gennemføres overalt i området.

* Allerede i dag kan for eksempel de nordiske lande tage initiativ til en “Helsinki-process” for hele Balkan og indbyde alle sider og ikke-statslige organisationer til at deltage.

* Jugoslavien re-integreres fuldtud i det internationale samfund og dets forskellige organisationer for at kunne acceptere UNTANS.

UNTANS-idéen er resultatet af analyser, samtaler og en indirekte dialog mellem serbiska og kosovo-albanske ledere samt intellektuelle under flere år og på initiativ af den uafhængige Transnationale Stiftelse (se nedenfor). Det er voldforebyggende virksomhed og forhandlinger under ét.

Denne type af civil intervention vil desuden være anvendelig i FN-regi og for andre organisationer rundt om i verdens svære konflikter.

UNTANS — eller noget lignende — er desuden et relevant bidrag til morgendagens fred og sikkerhed og dermed et korrektiv til de aktuelle bestræbelser for at finde nye roller til de gamle sikkerhedsorganisationer, der er rundet af den kolde krig. Hverken NATO eller den Vesteuropæiske Union, WEU, bør have nogen som helst rolle at spille i en konflikt som Kosovo.

Det er vigtigt at undertrykkelsen i Kosovo ophører; den er politisk og økonomisk selvdestruktiv for Serbien. Det er samtidigt vigtigt for os alle at forskellige folkeslags krav om selvbestemmelse ikke efterhånden leder til en totalt kaotisk og militariseret verden.

Mellem statslig totalkontrol og totalsecessionisme ligger uendeligt mange muligheder. De blir synlige i det øjeblik man holder op med at snakke om hvem, der er skyld i det hele og istedet bruger al sin kraft på sagens kerne: hvad er problemet og hvordan hjælper vi menneskene med at finde løsninger?

Det blir et frygteligt nederlag ikke kun for parterne selv men også for hele det internationale samfund hvis Kosovo-konflikten slår over i væbnet kamp. Selv den, som ikke deler det synspunkt at risikoen herfor vokser, må erkende at det hele ikke er holdbart på længre sigt.

Den nye situation i det tidligere Jugoslavien motiverer kreative mægler- og voldsforbyggande indsatser nu!

PhD, Peace & future researcher + ‌Art Photographer, Professor Emeritus and media commentator

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