Kalejdoskop 107 – Kosovo/a selvstændigt? Måske, men det er ikke ligegyldigt hvordan

Den internationale Kosovo-kommission* foreslår i sin rapport, at Kosovo skal blive en uafhængig stat, men kun på visse betingelser (“conditional independence”). Det kan lyde fornuftigt, men kommissionens argumentation for denne løsning bygger på en mangelfuld analyse og betingelserne fremstår nærmest som fromme ønsker.

Lad mig først sige, at mine medarbejdere og jag ved den Transnationale Stiftelse i tiden mellem 1992 og 1996 førte mange og lange samtaler med den kosovo-albanske ledelse under dr. Rugova, netop for at få præciseret hvordan en sådan selvstændighed kunne blive mulig – samtidig arbejdede vi med et antal regeringer og ministre i Beograd. En anledning til at jeg selv engagerede mig i problemet var at Rugova og albanerne i Kosovo – som han var og er den eneste legitime leder for – var de eneste i det tidligere Jugoslavien, som var klart for ikke-vold, for at opnå en ikke-volds stat.

Den ide vi førte dialoger om, var en selvstændig stat men opnået alene gennem ikkevoldelige midler og gennem at udvikle et parallelt samfund. Denne stat skulle være neutral, den skulle have åbne grænser og være uden militær. Altså en stat som en fredsforsker bare kunne have sympati for, ikke mindst i Balkan miljøet. Hverken Rugova eller hans medarbejdere var “gandhianere” – de havde formentlig aldrig læst Gandhi eller studeret ikke-vold – men de var veluddannede, redelige humanister, som ikke ønskede at opnå deres mål gennem blodsudgydelse.

Vi på TFF så det som vor opgave at forsøge at forklare for ledelsen i Beograd, at en sådan stat etableret gennem forhandling på klart definerede betingelser og som en internationalt overvåget proces over adskillige år også kunne være et interessant alternativ for serberne. Vi forklarede også for Rugova, at med den maximalistiske målsætning – en uafhængig stat, intet mindre – var den mest realistiske strategi, at definere denne stats karakter på en sådan måde, at den var acceptabel for Serbien og serberne og alle andre ikke-albanere i Kosovo/a. Ikke nogen helt let opgave!

I Kosovo krænkede de serbiske myndigheder på det groveste albanernes menneskelige rettigheder. På den anden side frygtede kosovo-serberne et langsomt tab af Kosovo (Kosmet i Metohija); for 30 år siden udgjorde serberne 30 % af befolkningen i Kosovo/a, i slutningen af 90’erne var det faldet til bare 9 %. Serberna havde et dominansproblem og ser Kosovo som Serbiens vugge (som kroaterne ser på Krajina) og de husker, hvor albanerne stod under krigen.

Albanerne på deres side har og havde et offerkompleks, som har givet betydelig energi og legitimitet til visse gruppers stor-albanske drømme. Serberne frygtede med andre ord ikke bare et selvstændigt Kosovo, men også at dette hurtigt skulle slås sammen med Albanien.

Sådan cirka tænkte parterne. Der var megen frygt på begge sider. Det hele var meget polariseret med meget forskellige grupper, forskellig kultur, livsstil, religion – bestemt den sværeste konflikt i det tidligere Jugoslavien.

Den diskussion som kommissionens rapport burde give anledning til, som jeg ser det, er:

1. Kan man, som rapporten gør, udelukke enhver analyse af baggrunden og alene påpege, at albanerne har været udsatte for så meget undertrykkelse, at de er berettigede til selvstændighed ? Jeg mener nej. Der kræves mere, også empati, for at gennemføre en ordentlig konfliktanalyse.

2. Kan man ignorere frygten, hadet og forskellighederne og bare foreslå, at parterne bør kunne acceptere kommissionens forslag – og håbe, at de efter undertrykkelsen (rettet mod albanerne), bombningerne (rettet mod serberne) og gensidig etnisk udrensning, skal kunne forstå og beskytte hinanden ? Jeg mener nej, jeg anser det tilmed for at være umoralsk og udtryk for en slags intellektuel populisme.

3. Er det rimeligt, at udlændinge, som har været nogen få dage i området vælger én løsning i stedet for at holde en brainstorm og samtale/diskutere med parterne om hvilke muligheder og kombinationer, som bedst tilfredsstiller deres behov ? Jeg mener igen nej. Hvordan kan man foreslå en løsning, når man bare har talt med den ene side? Der findes intet forsøg på at være retfærdig, lytte til alle sider eller respektere de indiskutable historiske lidelser på alle sider, inklusive Roma o.a. minoriteter*.

4. Kan man foreslå løsninger for Kosovo uden at se på, hvordan Kosovo er intimt forbundet med andre nationalitets- og minoritetsproblemer i f.eks. Kroatien, Bosnien, Montenegro og Makedonien? Jeg er temmelig sikker på, at kommissionen ikke ville finde på at foreslå at serberne i Kroatien bør have – eller burde have haft – en selvstændig stat på grund af den kroatiske stats historiske og aktuelle undertrykkelse af dem. I en tid, hvor der tales uendeligt længe om konfliktforebyggende, præventivt diplomati og civil havde det været godt, om rapporten hade lavet en konfliktanalyse og understreget nødvendigheden af en principfast konflikthåndtering, hvor de samme værdinormer og regler gælder for alle problemer, der ligner hinanden og for alle parter, ikke bare for nogen.

Hvordan så med det konkrete forslag ? Uafhængighed er som sagt en mulig løsning. Desværre går kommissionen så langt i sin politiske korrekthed, at den fratager selv en ny demokratisk ledelse i Beograd enhver indflydelse på konfliktens løsning (s. 271 & 275): jugoslavisk suverænitet over provinsen er uforenelig med albanernes ønsker og krav og Beograd (under Milosevic) har opført sig på en sådan måde, at ikke en gang en ny regering har ret til at deltage i diskussionerne om en løsning. Punktum!

Det er da vist at gøre det hele lidt for let for sig selv? I hvilke andre tilsvarende konflikter i verden har man accepteret en sådan argumentation og løsning ? Kommissionen spørger heller ikke, hvorfor der ikke i Voivodina, som har samme status som Kosovo og hvis autonomi reduceredes samtidigt med Kosovos, har været en bevægelse som den kosovo-albanske for selvstændighed for enhver pris.

Så kommer vi til “betingelserne”: der skal holdes folkeafstemning – den kommer sikkert til at føre til uafhængighed, i og med at der måske højst er 100.000 ikke-albanere tilbage. Derefter skal albaner, serbere og andre i Kosovo forhandle med hinanden og FN om et “konstitutionelt regime”, som skal beskytte minoriteter, garantere en fremtidig international militær og administrativ kontrol for efterhånden at overlade staten til albanerne selv – forudsat at de opfører sig ordentligt. I øvrigt skal alle parter lære at respektere hinanden. Her, kan man roligt sige, erstatter fromme håb de gode ideer og den politiske realisme.

Lad os til slut se på, hvad der kunne ske, hvis det internationale samfund faktisk gør Kosovo uafhængigt uden at konsultere Beograd.

En tænkelig konsekvens ville være at serberne i Bosnien siger farvel til Dayton-processen og slår sig sammen med Serbien/Jugoslavien. Hvorfor ikke? Som minoritet ønsker de lige så lidt at leve i Bosnien, som albanerne ønsker at leve i Serbien. En endnu mere sikker konsekvens ville være at de tilbageværende serbere, romere og jøder m. fl. forlader Kosovo. Kommissionen som ser så alvorligt på den modbydelige undertrykkelse af albanerne har – når alt kommer til alt – ikke megen sympati eller medfølelse med andre folkeslag.

Måske kan det også på lidt længere sigt blive begyndelsen til slutningen for staten Makedonien (25 – 40 % albanere) og for ideen om et selvstændigt Montenegro (7 % albanere). Hvorfor skulle albanerne dér ikke kunne få hvad kosovo-albanerne får – de er allerede ganske misfornøjede med deres situation?

Kommissionen er selv opmærksom på, at den indirekte giver grønt lys for at alle minoriteter kan få deres egen stat – i praksis er det måske flere hundrede. Dens forsvar er, at man ikke kan forvente sig, at Kosovos albanere nogensinde igen skal kunne acceptere at leve som en del af Serbien. De må altså være verdens mest undertrykte minoritet, hvilket er det rene vrøvl. Kommissionen håber også, at Kosovos selvstændighed ikke skal lede andre til at tænke i lignende baner – at palæstinenserne eller 23 millioner kurdere, som har været og er langt mere undertrykte og forfulgte end albanerne var, ikke skulle fortsætte deres kamp og den giver indirekte indtryk af, at Serbien har opført sig værre end Tyrkiet og Israel.

Jeg er bange for, at alle muligheder for fredelige løsninger egentlig er udtømte efter 10 års mangel på konfliktanalyse og forebyggende foranstaltninger – muligheder som også Danmark og de øvrige nordiske lande ignorerede. Efter NATOs bomber har en hver uskyldig serber en god grund til at afvise sameksistens og forslag fra EU, NATO eller USA, som fortsat nægter at lytte til den side.

Rapporten vidner om bristende kundskaber om såvel konfliktanalyse som om Balkan. Den er politisk godtroende. Og i det mindste for så vidt angår forslaget om en betinget uafhængighed og en ophævelse af FNs resolution 1224 kan den ses som et misforstået forsøg på at være politisk korrekt i USAs øjne. USA gik i samme uge ud med forslag om selvstændighed og arbejder med en ny-tolkning af FN-resolutionen. Det var den svenske statsminister, der fik ideen til kommissionen. Man kan undres over, hvad han i dag vil med denne lavtflyvende prøveballon.

*) The Independent International Commission on Kosovo, The Kosovo Report. Conflict. International Response. Lessons Learned, Oxford University Press, 2000. Kommissionen blev oprettet på initiativ af den svenska statsminister Göran Persson och dens formænd er den sydafrikanske dommer Richard Goldstone og den svenske tidligere uddannelsesminister Carl Tham.

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