Af Birgitte Rahbek
kultursociolog og forfatter til bogen “En stat for enhver pris”

27 august 2002

Det er nu næsten to år siden det palæstinensiske oprør intifadaen brød ud, og i mellemtiden er omkring 650 palæstinensere og 170 israelere blevet dræbt. Det har fået mange – heriblandt en del israelere – til at spekulere på om der mon skulle findes andre løsninger på det største problem i Mellemøsten. Men i næsten et år fortalte Bill Clinton og de israelske ledere til de efterplaprende medier at palæstinenserne sidste år havde sagt nej til fred da de i Camp David afviste Ehud Baraks generøse tilbud. I dag ved vi – både fra en amerikansk deltager i topmødet og fra israeleren Ron Pundak, en af de såkaldte arkitekter bag Osloaftalen – at der aldrig kom til at foreligge noget konkret skriftligt tilbud, end mindre et generøst! Det palæstinenserne fik stillet i udsigt var en stat opdelt i 4-5 dele uden indbyrdes forbindelse, ingen grænsekontrol, ingen anerkendelse af flygtningenes skæbne, og med et tågeslør over Jerusalems fremtid.

Trods oprøret efter Ariel Sharons provokatoriske besøg på Tempelbjerget fortsatte forhandlingerne helt frem til slutningen af januar 2001. På det sidste topmøde i Taba i Egypten fremlagde israelerne et forslag som var mere acceptabelt for palæstinenserne, først og fremmest fordi det afstod fra kravet om at langtidsleje området langs med Jordanfloden, og Vestbredden var ikke helt så opdelt som i skitserne fra Camp David. I Taba reducerede Israel sine territoriale krav til ca. 6%. Palæstinenserne ville kun gå med til at afstå omkring 3%, hvilket er lidt mere end det område som de israelske bosættelser i dag beslaglægger. Med hensyn til det prekære flygtningespørgsmål nåede man frem til et udkast som klargjorde proceduren for en løsning på problemet med en klar understregning af at gennemførelsen ikke måtte true den israelske stats jødiske karakter.

Palæstinenserne accepterede udkastet som et grundlag for forhandlinger, men tiden var ved at løbe ud for Barak som da heller ikke vovede at præsentere israelerne for sine sidste indrømmelser. På samme måde har Yasser Arafat aldrig over for sit folk meldt klart ud om de palæstinensiske indrømmelser. I mellemtiden kom Ariel Sharon til magten, og han har siden end ikke udtrykt ønske om fred med mindre palæstinenserne vil acceptere at nøjes med 43% af Vestbredden; det er det man kalder en non-starter.

I en sådan situation er der brug for nytænkning. Den 10. august sidste år – dagen efter den dybt tragiske hændelse med selvmordsbomben i pizzariaet i Jerusalem – indrykkede den lille israelske fredsgruppe Gush Shalom en helsidesannonce i det israelske dagblad Ha’aretz (den kan findes på nettet på www.gush-shalom.org). Annoncen var et udkast til en fredsaftale mellem israelerne og palæstinenserne. Hovedpunkterne i planen er:

– Begge parter ønsker fred baseret på principper om selvbestemmelse, gensidig respekt, retfærdighed og lighed og anerkender princippet om to stater for to nationer, og accepterer FN-resolutionerne 242, 338 (det er resolutioner fra henholdsvis 1967 og 1973, som siger at det er uacceptabelt at tilegne sig territorier ved magt og at Israel skal trække sig tilbage fra besatte områder, BR).

– Accept af resolution 194. (Her vil mange israelere gispe, for det er netop den resolution der taler om flygtningenes ret til at vende tilbage, BR).

– Den israelske besættelse på Vestbredden, i Østjerusalem og i Gazastriben skal ophøre i løbet af et år. I løbet af den samme periode vil den uafhængige og suveræne Palæstinastat blive oprettet i de samme områder inklusive den del af Det Døde Hav der grænser op til den palæstinensiske del og territorialfarvandet ud for Gazastriben. Grænsen mellem Israel og Palæstina skal være våbenhvilegrænsen fra før den 4. juni 1967, med mindre man bliver enige om andet.

– Palæstina-staten skal have suveræn kontrol over alle dens grænser til vands, til lands og i luften.

– Jerusalem skal forblive en bymæssig enhed med de arabiske kvarterer som en del af den palæstinensiske stat og de jødiske af den israelske stat, og der skal oprettes et fælles byråd for de to byråd, og formandskabet i det fælles byråd skal gå på omgang.

– Den palæstinensiske stat skal forpligte sig til ikke at være bevæbnet med tunge offensive våben inden for de kommende 25 år. (Umiddelbart kan det virke diskriminerende, men det bør i stedet betragtes som en gave for enhver ny stat at den ikke skal bruge alle pengene på nytteløst militær! BR).

– De bosættelser som ligger i de områder der bliver en del af den palæstinensiske stat (her går Gush Shalom ud fra at der bliver tale om visse grænsejusteringer som begge parter kan blive enige om, BR), skal evakueres inden afslutningen på den israelske besættelse. Bosættelserne skal overdrages uskadte til de palæstinensiske myndigheder som en del af Israels bidrag til rehabilitering af de palæstinensiske flygtninge.

– Israel påtager sig det centrale ansvar for den palæstinensiske flygtningetragedie under krigene i 1948 og 1967. Der skal nedsættes en sandhedskommission af israelske, palæstinensiske og internationale historikere til at undersøge de præcise årsager til problemet. I løbet af tre år skal de offentliggøre en rapport som derefter skal inkorporeres i begge staters skolebøger.

– Israel skal anerkende retten til at vende tilbage som en basal menneskerettighed, og flygtningene skal kunne vælge mellem kompensation, bosættelse i et andet land og at vende tilbage til den palæstinensiske stat eller til Israel. Det sidste vil dog kun kunne ske under en fastlagt årlig kvote og kun i de kommende 10 år. Desuden skal Israel sammen med internationale fonde være med til at kompensere palæstinenserne for tabt ejendom og for hvad de kalder “tab af muligheder”. Israel skal også hjælpe den nye palæstinensiske stat med at absorbere flygtninge.

For at kickstarte en sådan fredsaftale kunne man foreslå at Israel som en tillidsskabende handling øjeblikkeligt trækker de 4-500 jødiske bosættere ud af Hebron; og snarest derefter gøre det samme med bosætterne i Gaza. I følge statistikken er der ca. 7.000 bosættere fordelt på 18 bosættelser i Gaza (i virkeligheden er mange af dem sikkert allerede rejst).

Når disse to handlinger ikke for længst har fundet sted, skyldes det ikke kun israelerne – hvoraf mange er godt trætte af at sætte liv og lemmer på spil på grund af en flok fanatikere – men snarere at den palæstinensiske leder Yasser Arafat ikke har kendt sin besøgelsestid. I betragtning af at afdøde ministerpræsident Yitzhak Rabin blot ønskede at se Gaza synke i havet, skulle det nok have været muligt at have fået selvstyre i hele Gaza som udgangspunkt for Osloaftalen eller som et af de første skridt på vejen. Og da den israelske terrorist Baruch Goldstein i februar 1994 myrdede 29 og sårede 300 bedende palæstinensere i Ibrahimi-moskeen i Hebron, var tidspunktet modent til at få fjernet de rabiate og aggressive bosættere fra Hebrons arabiske bykerne. I stedet blev det til et lille internationalt observatørkorps, som de samme bosættere nu har stenet ud af bydelen, hvor israelske bosættere i dag maler jødestjerner på de palæstinensiske huse.

Efter rømningen af Hebron og Gaza er vejen banet for at gå i gang med Gush Shaloms fredsplan, som måske slet ikke er så urealistisk som den kan synes i skæret af Apache-helikopterne. Det franske månedsblad Le Monde Diplomatique offentliggjorde i septemberudgaven et såkaldt “ikke-papir”, som er det uofficielle israelske svar i Taba på palæstinensernes udspil angående de palæstinensiske flygtninge. Ganske vist påtager Israel sig ikke ansvaret for den palæstinensiske flygtningesituation som sådan – man nøjes med at udtrykke sin sorg over den – men i forholdet til flygtningene i Sabra og Shatila anerkender Israel “sin moralske forpligtelse til en hurtig løsning” på deres problem. Det er Sharon næppe glad for at læse. Men som den israelske journalist Gideon Levy skrev i Ha’aretz i marts sidste år: “Hvis Israel var lidt mere generøs med hensyn til at bede sine ofre om tilgivelse, ville landets egne krav i denne henseende ikke alene være mere forståelige, men også have større moralsk gyldighed”.

Gush Shaloms fredsplan sammenholdt med hvad man faktisk nåede frem til i Taba i slutningen af januar i år viser at en fred ikke er så utopisk som nogen har villet gøre det til. Men hvis man ønsker fortsat krig, skal man blot fortsætte den nuværende politik, eventuelt suppleret med den totale adskillelse – med pigtråd – mellem israelere og palæstinensere.

Endelig findes der en tredje mulighed – og om nogle årtier kan det blive resultatet af rent befolkningsmæssige årsager – nemlig en binational stat, dvs. én stat der indeholder to nationer, en jødisk og en arabisk, men det var lige præcist skrækken for dette der fik Yitzhak Rabin til at gå med til forhandlingerne i Oslo.

For hver dag der går inden Israel tager skridt til at bringe besættelsen til ophør, vil hadet mellem de to folk vokse, fanatikerne vil få øget opbakning, og der vil dø endnu flere uskyldige. En israelsk officer fra faldskærmstropperne blev for nylig i Information citeret for at mene at intifadaen vil fortsætte til mindst år 2006: “…og til sidst vil vi være tilbage ved 1967-grænsen og give dem Østjerusalem som deres hovedstad. Men når jeg tænker på hvordan vi behandler dem, tvivler jeg på at de vil slå sig til ro med det.”

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