Kalejdoskop 81 – Ickevåld i Belgrad, men sedan?

Demonstrationerna i Belgrad vecka efter vecka innebär att det civila samhället tränger genom med många av icke-våldets klassiska vapen, skriver fredsforskaren Jan Öberg. Svårigheterna är många, men det som händer nu kan ändå visa sig vara början till ett nytänkande utifrån ett nytt folkligt självförtroende.

Demonstrationer, musik, gatuteater, appeller, humor, bilkorteger, telefonblockader, internationell sympati, användning av Internet och andra massmedier, tiotusentals uthålliga medborgare – många av ickevåldets klassiska vapen har tagits i bruk.

Det är nästan som i Kusturicas film “Underground”. Det är första gången sedan inbördeskrigen bröt ut. Serbien, de facto den enda multietniska republiken, blev därmed den första i vilken det civila samhället trängde igenom.

Att individer tror på att vad de gör som samhällsmedborgare betyder något, att de tror det spelar en roll, vilken åsikt de har och att de själva kämpar för den och inte bara ber en representant att göra det och att de gör det utan att använda våld, allt detta är grundförutsättningar för äkta demokrati, som förresten är på tillbakagång runt om i världen och i dessa år ersätts av demokrati som teknologi och exportvara.

Övergav jugoslaverna
Det så kallade internationella samfundet har från början hanterat den jugoslaviska krisen helt fel. En orsak härtill var tron på att konflikter blir lösta genom att man bestraffar de onda (men samtidigt samarbetar med dem om så kallade fredsavtal och vapenleveranser) i stället för att hjälpa och stärka de goda.

Därmed övergav man förmodligen 90 procent av de 23 miljoner invånare i det forna Jugoslavien: det civila samhället med de demokratiska, icke-nationalistiska och icke-militaristiska människor som inte vare sig önskade, planerade eller genomförde barbariet. Och därmed fick de mörka politiska, hel- och halvmilitära och ekonomiska eliterna i praktiken fritt spelrum.

Man vill självfallet gärna tro och hoppas att det som nu försiggått i drygt två månader kan vara början till en ickevåldslig, demokratisk utveckling i hela det forna Jugoslavien. För det är alldeles klart att de som använde all sin kreativitet, sitt moraliska kapital och sin politiska makt på våldet, varken har de kvalitéer eller den legitimitet som krävs för att leda utvecklingen i riktning mot äkta fred mellan och inom republikerna.

Under krig ställer folk inte så många krav om materiell framgång eller demokrati; efter krig ställs betydligt större krav till politikerna.

F d militaristisk storserb
Hitintills har jag enbart talat om det civila samhället, det vill säga den folkliga protesten. Det är vanligt folk som fått nog och som inte heller ser någon verklig möjlighet för att deras livsbetingelser ska förbättras under överskådlig tid, i synnerhet inte sedan man sparkade den folkkäre mirakelekonomen Avramovic – utan vars reformpolitik Jugoslaviens ekonomi hade körts helt i botten i dag.

Våra medier talar om “oppositionen” och menar politikerna. På världens tv-skärmar vinkar och ler Vuk Draskovic, Zoran Djinjic och Vesna Pesic. Men de säger inte så mycket. De har inget gemensamt program och ingen handlingsplan – utöver detta att de inte tycker om Milosevic och vill att deras valsegrar ska respekteras.

Draskovic är före detta militaristisk storserb; Djindjic’ parti är nationalistiskt och periodiskt pro-bosnienserbiskt. Ingen av dem har t ex en ekonomisk politik eller utrikespolitisk strategi. Man kan liksom inte föreställa sig dem i internationella fora. Och Kosovoalbanerna vet att de inte ska vänta sig att herrarna är mer positiva till kravet på att området blir en oberoende stat. Enbart Vesna Pesic har rena händer sedan krigets början, men hon kommer att utmanövreras den dagen oppositionen ska fördela makten eller förhandla fram en kompromiss med Milosevics socialistparti.

På spel står inte bara regeringsmakten utan också presidentskapet. Slobodan Milosevic kan inte bli omvald som Serbiens president utan konstitutionella förändringar. Han kan naturligtvis sträva efter att bli Jugoslaviens president och/eller hjälpa sin hustru Mira Markovic, ledare för det lite spexiga JUL-partiet, att bli hans efterträdare. Ack ja, de politiker som kunde skapa verklig förändring i dag är sedan länge borta – som till exempel Milan Panic, som blev offer för det internationella samfundets sanktioner och Milosevics mästerliga spel.

Början på ett nytänkande?
Det ser inte heller ut som om det civila samfundet, den folkliga protesten, har ett program. Kanske kommer det att växa fram. Det har inga utåt kända ledarfigurer. Hur sympatiskt det hela än tycks vara: av humoristiska upptåg gör man ingen politik – som Gandhi, Luther King och alla andra antivåldsliga ledare visat oss. Draskovic och Djindjic kan mycket väl satsa på att bli hjältar på bekostnad av det som torde och borde vara deras existensberättigande, nämligen det civila samhällets regenerering. I så fall kommer klyftan mellan politik och folk bara att ytterligare fördjupas.

Men det som händer nu kan ändå visa sig vara början på en sorts nytänkande och ett nytt folkligt självförtroende, åtminstone bland de samhälleligt politiskt aktiva, det vill säga de som bor i städerna.

I så fall kommer det att vara beroende av en rad faktorer – så till exempel om det ur det civila samhället, snarare än ur det partipolitiska spelets elände, växer en ny ledning med kompetenta och obefläckade medborgare, som kan samlas kring en målsättning, en handlingsplan och en vision som återger deprimerade och proletariserade människor en tro på framtiden.

Brcko och Östslavonien
Om det ska bli början till verklig förändring kommer också att bero på de interna förhållandena i toppen av Serbiens styrande skikt, på polisens och arméns roll, på massmedierna – inte minst på de internationella då ständigt fler följer begivenheterna i det egna landet där och inte i sina egna medier.

Hur det blir påverkas dessutom av hur USA och Europa balanserar mellan sina behov av stabilitet i regionen och ett moraliskt stöd till denna folkliga rörelse.

Allt hänger ihop med allt annat. Så också Belgrads situation med utveckling i Federationen och Republika Srpska, speciellt hur det blir med Brcko efter skiljedomsbeslutet nu i mitten av februari.

Kroatiens utveckling är osäker, dels på grund av ryktena om president Franjo Tudjmans allvarliga sjukdom, dels därför att det nu under våren kommer att visa sig huruvida FN-missionen i Östra Slavonien lyckas skapa stabilitet för såväl serber som kroater i regionen eller de sista serberna kommer att fly till Serbien och Republika Srpska. Och det beror på hur det civila samhället i andra republiker kommer att reagera. Man undrar vad studenter och andra medborgare i Zagreb, Sarajevo, Skopje och även Ljubljana egentligen har tänkt under dessa många dygn?

Kanske har de, inte minst i Zagreb, ångrat att de gav upp så snabbt? Ty ända till dess att alla gör något liknande det folk gör i Belgrad blir hoppet om en äkta demokratisk utveckling och civilt samhälle någonstans i det forna Jugoslavien orealistiskt.

De som kämpar ickevåldsligt måste ha en filosofi och en uthållighet som vida överstiger den andra har, som alltid kan återfalla till våldet. Det är således ytterst befogat att stödja och ge råd till de modiga ickevåldsaktivisterna i Belgrad – och på andra platser.

Kanske de då, någongång i framtiden, kommer att kunna tala på samma sätt som Milovan Djilas sägs ha gjort om partisankampen: “Hade vi vetat att det vi gjorde var omöjligt hade vi aldrig lyckats.”

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