Vest forstår ikke Irak, vi behøver måske en Intifada?

Helsingborgs Dagblad
Irak 3

Demoniseringen af fjenden, med krig i sigte, er bastant. De svenske medier tager det for givet at der bliver krig. Og også i svenske medier er Irak blevet synonym med Saddam Hussein, ikke med 23 millioner medmennesker. Det irakiske folk er blevet fortrængt til den lydfri zone.

Der må frem for alt i verden ikke smyge sig det mindste lille element af menneskelighed ind i vores syn på landet. De må ikke fremstå som mennesker, mødre, fædre, børn med håb og frygt, fattige og rige. Det handler jo bare om Saddam og hans palads og militær, som vi skal pulverisere i et overlegent teknoinferno! Intet om de mulige konsekvenser af en storkrig: Millioner flygtninge, titusinde døde og skadede (såvel irakere som amerikanere, ikke mindst hvis der tages kemiske kampmidler i brug); ødelæggelse af miljøet, oljeprisernes himmelflugt, mulighed for at krigen breder sig til Israel-Palestina, behovet for hundredetusinde milliarder dollar til genopbygning over måske 10-20 år, eventuel opløsning af Irak i tre dele, krig i Tyrkiet mod kurderne og Soch? Er der nogen der kan garantere at sådan noget ikke vil ske?

Nej, vi skal acceptere krigen, fordi den vil lede til demokrati, fred, stabilitet, kvindefrigørelse, markedsøkonomi, – og ikke et eneste ord om at det handler om at få kontrol over Iraks olje, og Saudiarabiens, som nu ikke længere er en pålidelig allieret.

Takket være TFFs email service ved alle relevante svenske medier at vores team, som et af få i Norden, har været der. Ikke en af dem har fundet det interessant at bede om et interview. TFF er jo imod krig, har en forkert vinkel på sagen med sit forslag til ikke-voldelige løsninger. Derimod ringer journalister fra diverse medier, inclusive Dagens Eko, og spørger om vi dog ikke kunne fortælle, hvordan man rejser der ned, får visa og hvilket hotel er godt og hvor farligt er det egentlig. Men vi er ikke noget rejsebureau!

Bush vil have os til at tro, at alt er sort i Irak og alt er hvidt i USA, at de, irakerne, er de onde der truer de gode. De fleste synes ikke at have intellektuel evne til at se mere end to sider, når vi har brug for at kunne se fire: Der er noget godt og noget skidt i USA og Vest, og der er noget godt og noget skidt i Irak. Men her forlenes vi til forestillingen, at de er de onde, og at så er alt det vi gør pr. definition godt. Så kan man frit stille en masse ensidige krav på Irak (USA behøver ikke at love noget til gengæld), og hvis de så ikke lyder, ja så har de jo selv “valgt” at blive bombede; altså har Vest ikke noget ansvar for hvad vi gør, for hvordan vi vælger at “svare” på Iraks politik.

Udenrigsminister Anna Lindh kommer farligt nær denne krigslegitimerende logik i et TT telegram i forbindelse med sit møde med Iraks udenrigsminister i FN: “Irak må åbne ALLE lokaler, jeg klargjorde virkelig at jeg mente ALLE lokaler. Jeg pointerede at ansvaret nu ligger hos Irak, – det afhænger nu af dem selv om militære aktioner skal anvendes eller ikke. USA og Sverige har altså ikke længere ansvar for sine handlinger. Selv om det er os der ensidigt har sat betingelserne, så er det ham der nede, som får pålagt ansvaret for vores gerninger. Selvfølgelig er det det rene filosofiske nonsens og umoral. Den slags ville kun kunne hævdes, hvis der forelå en fælles overenskomst, om hvilke spilleregler der er gældende. Det er absurdt at påstå at USA ikke er ansvarlig for om USA bomber eller ikke. USA har faktisk frihed til at vælge at gøre noget andet end at bombe. Men man lægger altså sit moralske ansvar fra sig, – og lukker formodentlig grænserne for traumatiserede irakere, når de begynder at banke på vores dør efter krigen.

Udover selve substansen i denne konflikt, har vi et gigantiskt kommunikationsproblem med enorme forskelle i ords betydelse og fuldt af fordomme og stereotyper. Der udover har vi en kristen og en muslimsk politisk fundamentalisme, som er hinanden lig til punkt og prikke.

Ofra Begio’s bog “Saddam’s Word. Political Discourse in Iraq” er et overordentlig nyttigt hjælpemiddel til den, der vil begribe kulturens og sprogets indflydelse på denne konflikt. Hvad jeg bl.a. lærer af Begio er at arabisk, ved sin høflighed, ceremoni, sin snak rundt om sagens kerne og de mange gentagelser med minimale nuancer, er meget velegnet til såvel diplomati som manipulation. Endvidere er der i arabisk en udklar grænse mellem retorik og handling. Retorikken antager et eget liv: En trussel om krig kan, hvis den gentages energisk nok og tilstrækkelig mange gange, erstatte en rigtig krig. Den fylder en kollektiv, selvsuggererende funktion. Arabisk, ikke mindst som Saddam anvender det, er fuldt af kodeord og henvisninger til konkrete øjeblikke i fortiden med den hensigt, at få mennesker til at tolke sin egen situation i et historisk sammenhæng.

Lad os f.eks. tage ordet “intifada”, som blev kendt gennem den første intifada i Palestina 1987. En arabisk ordbog fra 1400-talet beskriver intifada som “Giv mig sten så jeg kan rædde min sjæl med dem”. Ordet beskriver en situation, hvor man flygter fra en overmagt og med sten prøver at holde ham på afstand. i 1960erne blev det et hovedbegreb i det irakiske Baathpartis ideologi. Det skiftede efterhånden betydning til “oprør”, “at lutre revolutionen”, “at lede Irak til enhed, socialisme og frihed”. Intifada blev også brugt om invasionen af Kuwait; den var “En støtte for den kuwaitiske intifada imod den korrumperede Sabahfamilie”, Kuwaits herskende dynasti.

Thawra er et andet begreb. Det forbindes med “revolutionisme”, men er blevet synonymt med den højeste, næsten hellige samfundsorden. Ordet kan betyde storm, krig, kamp, – men også at få køerne til at rejse sig op og gå hen og drikke vand. Andre betydninger af dette ene ord er “kamp imod udenlandsk okkupant” eller “kup imod det egne regime, hvis det er korrupt”. Eftersom den irakiske befolkning havde fået nok af krig, revolutioner, kup og politiske mord, blev begrebets politiske indhold vredet i retning af “det højeste gode” eller, altså, orden og stabilitet snarere end forandring.

På arabisk har ord “magisk”, symbolladdet og følelsesmæssig betydning, noget vi i Vest ikke rigtig forstår. Der kommer jo ikke så megen poesi ud af munden på vore politikere. Arabisk er et ocean af betydninger, associationer og billeder. Araberne siges at elske ord for deres egen skyld, for poesien, lyden og veltalenhedens skyld. Man kan høre folk tale i timevis uden at sige noget, det lyder bara henrivende smukt, som musik. Mens vi trækker en skarp linie mellem abstraktion, virkelighedsbeskrivelse og fantasi, så blandes disse, såvidt jeg forstår, ofte helt vildt i de arabiske lande.

Sådan et sprog er som skabt til manipulation. Magten kan beslutte at det eller det ord nu skal have en ny nuance og stå for noget underforstået. Ordet “gul” kan virke harmløst, men det bruges politisk om mongolernes invasion for 800 år siden, – og om Iran under krigen. Så bliver det ikke bare symbolsk men også følelsesladdet: Det skal mobilisere bestemte positive eller negative følelser og den af samhørighed imod “de andre”.

Noget vi kan være helt sikre på, i den nuværende lagkagekastning mod vestverdenen, er at det irakerne siger er mere sofistikeret end det lyder i engelsk oversættelse. Vi bør ikke tro at al retorik og udsagn om krig og kamp faktisk er ment som konkrete krigserklæringer: Den kan simpelthen erstatte disse. Ved at sige et eller andet og gentage det tilstrækkelig mange gange, så behøver den udlovede handling ikke altid blive til virkelighed. Sådan er det f.eks. med denne snak om arabisk enhed, noget de arabiske staters møder altid afsluttes med.

Man må håbe at såvel USAs som Iraks krigsretorik vil få en sådan konsekvens. Men jeg er bange for at vi forstår hinanden så dårligt, forskellige kulturer som vi er, at vi befinder os på en kollisionskurs. Måske er det en intellektuel og moralsk intifada, overalt i Vest, der skal til for at stoppe krigen mod Irak!

PhD, Peace & future researcher + ‌Art Photographer, Professor Emeritus and media commentator

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