Diana Johnstones “Fools’ Crusade”, (“Dårarnas korståg”) är det hittills mest ambitiösa försöket att kritiskt granska den västliga bilden av de jugoslaviska krigen, skriver Sören Sommelius.

FOOLS’ CRUSADE
Yugoslavia, NATO and Western Delusions
Av: Diana Johnstone
Monthly Review Press, New York

Det Jugoslavien som för femton år sedan var ett välmående sydeuropeiskt land slets sönder av krig efter krig under ett blodigt 1990-tal. Hur kunde det ske? Vad var det som egentligen hände?

Medan krigen pågick misslyckades våra medier med att göra det som skedde begripligt. Det talades ofta fördomsfullt om urgammalt hat mellan folk och om en ond man i Serbien, Slobodan Milosevic. Balkans folk delades in i onda och goda. Värst framställdes serberna. Inget av det var sant. Fortfarande är allt som skedde de här dramatiska och destruktiva åren inhöljt i tjocka dimridåer av både halvsanningar och uppenbara lögner.

Diana Johnstone, amerikansk författare och debattör sedan länge bosatt i Paris, har nu gett ut “Fool’s Crusade”, “Dårarnas korståg”, om “Jugoslavien, NATO och falska föreställningar i västvärlden”. Det är – av vad jag läst – det hittills utan jämförelse mest ambitiösa försöket att kritiskt granska de jugoslaviska krigen och hur de framställdes i väst. Inledningsvis diskuterar Johnstone bombningarna av Kosovo och Jugoslavien 1999. NATO gick i krig utan FN-beslut och det hela kallades för en “humanitär intervention”. Formuleringen är inte ny konstaterar Johnstone. Den användes standardmässigt under alla västvärldens imperialistiska erövringskrig. I det aktuella sammanhanget var den en användbar propagandaterm, en grov manipulation, inget annat.

Till saken hör onekligen också att situationen i Kosovo fyra år efter bombningarna är bedrövlig. De “humanitära bomberna” följdes inte upp av humanitära sociala program. Om kosovoalbanerna tidigare diskriminerats är andra minoriteter nu utsatta, främst serber. Och det pågår fortfarande, vilket är en skam, främst för USA men också för det internationella samfundet som nu administrerar Kosovo som ett protektorat.

Syftet med Diana Johnstones bok är just att ifrågasätta NATO’s krig mot Jugoslavien. Det gör hon genom en grundlig genomgång av den jugoslaviska krisens många dramatiska faser, där allt bara kan förstås – eller missförstås – tillsammans, i ett givet sammanhang.

I dag sitter Jugoslaviens förre president Slobodan Milosevic i Haag, där krigsförbrytartribunalens rättegång mot honom pågår. USA:s vicepresident Al Gore beskrev honom 1999 som “en pojklags-Hitler som håller sig kvar vid makten genom att piska upp hat”. Englands Margret Thatcher menade att Milosevics regim drevs av en “folkmordsideologi” och att Milosevic själv var “en verkligt monstruös ond man”. Andra kallade honom “en internationell terrorist”, “en lärljunge till Stalin och Hitler” “ett kallblodigt djur” etc. Den här sortens påståenden säger mycket lite om Milosevic och desto mer om västvärldens politiska kultur, skriver Johnstone och det är lätt att instämma.

Under krigen använde sig parterna av PR-firmor i USA för att föra fram sin bild av skeendet. Särskilt framgångsrik var Ruder Finn, som arbetade för den bosnienmuslimska regimen i Sarajevo. Det var Ruder Finn som framgångsrikt satte likhetstecken mellan serber och nazister å ena sidan och bosnienmuslimer och judar å den andra. Därmed var propagandakriget avgjort. Också i Sverige krävde inflytelserika grupper (Sarajevolistan) att FN-embargot på vapenexport skulle hävas så att de bosniska muslimerna kunde strida bättre.

Men vad var det egentligen för skillnad mellan de läger som de bosniska serberna drev i förhållande till de som inrättades av bosnienmuslimer och bosnienkroater? Det snabba svaret är – Ruder Finn, skriver Johnstone. Hon hänvisar till uppgifter från Internationella Röda korset hösten 1992. Då fanns i Bosnien 25 interneringsläger med 2.692 civila fångar. Av dessa hölls 1.203 av bosnienserberna i åtta läger. Muslimerna hade 1.061 fångar i tolv läger och kroaterna fem läger med 428 fångar.

Muslimer och kroater släppte inga journalister till sina läger. Inga bilder därifrån nådde medierna. Bosnienserberna däremot inviterade journalister till lägren för att motverka de rykten som florerade. Resultatet blev det motsatta. Bilden av en mager man bakom taggtråd spreds över världen med rubriker om “Nazidödsläger” och “Belsen i Bosnien”. Men bilden var inte det den utgav sig för. Dock blev den en starkt bidragande orsak till att USA och senare Tyskland några veckor efter bildens publicering föreslog inrättandet av en tribunal för Jugoslavien i Haag, vilket FN:s säkerhetsråd beslutade om i resolution 780 två månader senare.

Också omständigheterna kring Srebrenica är ytterst oklara. Sex år efter striderna hade tribunalen funnit 2.361 kroppar, många med säkerhet stupade soldater från båda sidor – hårda strider pågick under många år i området. De dödas identitet eller etnicitet har bara undantagsvis kunnat fastställas. Ändå upprepas siffran på 8.000 av bosnienserberna mördade, utan att det finns belägg. Till saken hör också att USA:s satellitbilder över området aldrig offentliggjordes, trots att det var genom sådana Srebrenica först uppmärksammades. Det skedde för att vända opinionen då kroatiska trupper (utbildade i NATO-stridsteknik av “privata” amerikanska firmor och med USA:s stöd) fördrev 200.000 serber från de områden i kroatiska Krajina där de levt sedan generationer. Det var de jugoslaviska krigens största enskilda etniska rensning.

En av de högsta befälhavarna för den kroatiska armén var kosovoalban, Agim Çeku, som ledde brutala massakrer på serber i Likaområdet. Çeku blev senare befälhavare för den kosovoalbanska befrielsearmén UÇK och därefter år 2000 ledare för Kosovo Protection Corps. Haagtribunalen var aldrig aktuell i hans fall. Johnstone diskuterar hur USA använde sig av “de humanitära bombningarna” av Jugoslavien 1999 för att utvidga NATO:s mandat (vilket skedde vid 50-årsjubileet mitt under bombningarna). Samtidigt kunde USA i Kosovo upprätta sitt största militärläger utomlands sedan Vietnamkriget med Camp Bondsteel, som Johnstone jämför med Guantanamobasen på Kuba.

Propagandan från särskilt NATO men också från de krigförande parterna och andra inblandade parter förvrängde bilden av de jugoslaviska krigen. Diana Johnstones bok har inga ambitioner på att presentera en slutgiltig historiebeskrivning i varje sammanhang. Men för den som vill förstå samtiden är den ytterst väsentlig. Jag hoppas därmed också att något förlag har modet att översätta den till svenska.

Till sist men kanske viktigast, bombningarna av Jugoslavien blev det första “goda kriget”, som följdes av bombningarna av Afghanistan 2001 och av Irak 2003. De här tre krigen och propagandan som sökt legitimera dem, hänger intimt samman, också med USA:s ambitioner att manifestera oinskränkt världsmakt.

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