Kjell Magnusson, en av Sveriges främsta Balkan-experter, skrev en klok och välinformerad artikel OM konflikten i Makedonien, Baftije Mehmedi ett partsinlägg I konflikten. Bådadera hör hemma i en fri debatt, men bör inte förväxlas. Mehmedis tonläge gör nog karaktären av partsinlägg klart för de flesta. Grundläggande osanningar bör dock påpekas för dem som inte kan alla detaljer. Jag håller mig till Makedonien och låter Kosovo ligga.

Uppgifterna om folkräkningar är osanna. År 1991 skattades den albanska befolkningen till 21 procent, vilket var högre än 1981. Den internationellt förberedda och kontrollerade folkräkningen 1994 kom upp till 23 procent. Då etniskt albanska kvinnor föder omkring sex barn och etniskt makedoniska litet över två, kan dagens tal rimligen vara c:a 27 procent. Bägge folkgrupperna har många utlandsarbetare, så eventuella skillnader i relativt antal kan högst förskjuta detta tal c:a en procent uppåt. Det har förekommit omfattande illegal invandring från Albanien och Kosovo, som det just därför är svårt att sätta procenttal på. Illegala invandrare skulle i svenska folkräkningar inte medräknas utan utvisas.

De mera bisarra påståendena kan vederläggas omedelbart. Makedonien blev en republik i Jugoslavien 1945, då makedoniska blev officiellt språk både i republiken och i hela landet (vid sidan av slovenska och serbokroatiska). Språket ligger närmast bulgariska, och bulgariska nationalister, vilka Mehmedi tydligen tror på, hävdar att det är en dialekt. Med samma rätt kunde man hävda att norska inte finns, men är en dialekt av danska. Gudskelov är de albanska partiledningarna i Makedonien mycket klokare än Mehmedi och vet att man inte kan komma i dialog med en motpart genom att förneka hans existens.

Makedoniens ledning, regeringen, har i tio år bestått av politiska partier från båda folkgrupperna. De har förhandlat om frågor som är besvärliga, eftersom båda (även efter regeringsskifte) sitter i klämma mellan sin regeringspartner och oppositionspartiet inom sin egen folkgrupp. Makedoniens grundlag och relevant lagstiftning blev 1991 godkända av EU:s Badinterkommission i fråga om mänskliga rättigheter och minoritetsskydd.

På papperet har albanerna i Makedonien det i dessa avseenden minst lika bra som de större ryska minoriteterna i Estland och Lettland (och oändlig mycket bättre än kurderna i Turkiet). Hur det ser ut i verkligheten är i samtliga fall en annan fråga.

Vid vilken procent har en minoritet rätt att komma med bland statens officiella språk vid sidan av det största? Om vi går efter Schweiz, så har albanerna den rätten, men tillsammans med turkar, roma och serber. Går vi efter Finland, har de den ensam. Och går vi efter Estland och Lettland, så har de inte den. Låt oss bara hoppas att ryssarna i dessa stater inte griper till uppror/terrorism för att förbättra sitt förhandlingsläge.

Sveriga har bara statliga universitet, andra länder kombinerar statliga privata och konfessionella. Där gör alla arbetsgivare en rangordning av dem efter kvalitet. Mehmedi säger att det privata universitetet i Tetovo och det statliga i Skopje kan jämföras med Lund och Uppsala. Även de minst nationalistiska makedoniska professorer jag talat med säger att det kan de absolut inte. Själv kan jag inte ha en välgrundad uppfattning, men det kunde OSSE ju låta en expertgrupp ta ställning till.

En del stridsfrågor är i första hand symboliska – och därför svårlösta eftersom BÅDA parter lägger stor vikt vid symboler. Andra handlar om fördelning av olika godor, i första hand jobb. Men Makedonien är ruinerat av Väst de sista tio åren (utan att detta var avsikten). Effekterna för landet (och alla grupper i det) av ekonomiska sanktioner mot Jugoslavien, det tysk-grekiska spelet om erkännanden, bombningarnas effekter på ekonomier och flyktingar, o.s.v., är att Väst har kostat det bortåt 100 miljarder kronor. Detta är flera års BNP. Man har bara fått en rent symbolisk kompensation. I dag driver Väst på för ännu högre arbetslöshet genom nedskärningar av offentliga jobb, privatiseringar, o.s.v. Innan Väst bättrar sig på dessa punkter, finns det ingen chans för förbättringar för NÅGON folkgrupp i Makedonien. Landet behöver pengar, inte pekfingrar, från Väst.

Det kanske vore bäst för både makedoner och albaner att ett område lämnar Makedonien – om man kan finna ett fredligt avtal om principerna för gränsdragning – och kommer under internationell förvaltning a la Kosovo. Det senare har varit en välsignelse för Jugoslavien ur rent ekonomisk synpunkt. Men så ser de flesta serber inte saken, och de flesta makedoner skulle också vara totalt emot. Stormakterna har hängt upp så mycket prestige på att folk som inte vill leva samman i en stat i alla fall skall göra det (och de som vill får inte lov) att denna lösning nog är helt utesluten. Makedoner och albaner är dömda till samlevnad. Politiskt våld kan bara göra den värre för alla parter. Om albanska grupper anser att de har “rätt” till det, skall det nog snart komma makedoniska grupper med samma uppfattning, oavsett vad regeringen tycker. Så är helvetet löst, särskilt som risken för regional spridning är långt större än i något av de tidigare krigen.

*Artikeln blev refuserad av Aftonbladet.

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