Eliter i länder där två tredjedelar av världens befolkning bor ser i dag USA som det största hotet mot deras samhällen. Recension av Sören Sommelius,
TFF konfliktläkare och kulturredaktör på Helsingborg Dagblad

FOREIGN AFFAIRS
March/April 1999 The Lonely Superpower
Samuel P. Huntington.

USA är enda supermakt efter det kalla krigets slut. Men är det så enkelt att det kalla krigets världsordning med rivalitet mellan två supermakter har ersatts av ny med enbart USA i den globala maktordningens topp?

Harvardprofessorn Samuel P. Huntington, författare till “The Clash of Civilizations and The Remaking of World Order”, menar i “The Lonely Superpower” (Den ensamma supermakten), en artikel i nya numret av tidskriften Foreign Affairs, att USA visserligen är samtidens enda supermakt men att den nya världsordningen är en hybrid, ett “en-mulitipolärt” system, med en supermakt och många länder som fungerar som regionala stormakter och därtill åter andra länder i en position som andrarangens regionala stormakter.

USA dominerar i dag världen inom snart sagt alla områden, skriver Huntington, “ekonomiskt, militärt, diplomatiskt, ideologiskt, teknologiskt och kulturellt”, med förmågan att genomdriva sina intressen i vilken del av världen som helst.

USA kan i praktiken dock inte agera helt ensamt. Man måste söka stöd av regionala stormakter &endash; eller av andrarangsstaterna, vars intressen ofta står i konflikt med de regionala stormakternas. Just därför är det lätt för USA att få stöd av andrarangsstaterna, som England (i rivalitet med Tyskland) och Ukraina (som inte vill domineras av Ryssland) eller Argentina (gentemot brasiliansk dominans).

Huntingtons artikel är skriven före Natos bombningar av Jugoslavien. Den ger många nycklar till det som nu händer på Balkan.

USA utövar stora påtryckningar gentemot andra länder för att få dem att acceptera amerikanska värden. Man agerar internationellt utifrån amerikansk lag och graderar länder efter hur de lever upp till amerikansk standard. Genom Världsbanken och Internationella Valutafonden kan man påverka och belöna länder. Det stora lånet som beviljats Ryssland i dagarna mitt under Jugoslavien-bombningarna är ett sådant tydligt exempel.

Stater som underordnar sig amerikansk hegemoni belönas och får amerikansk ekonomisk hjälp i stället för sanktioner. Saudiarabien (med grava människorättskränkningar) är ett sådant exempel. Israel (med ett utmanande kärnvapenprogram och ständigt saboterande av regionala fredsavtal) ett annat.

De länder som inte underordnar sig USA möts med ekonomiska sanktioner, utesluts från internationella institutioner eller blir mål för militära aktioner, konstaterar Huntington.

USA kan i dag sända kryssningsmissiler mot andra länder eller bomba dem &endash; till för den amerikanska krigsmakten “ganska låg kostnad”, menar Huntington. Dessvärre är resultatet av bombningar oftast rakt motsatt det man velat åstadkomma:

“Ju mer USA attackerar en utländsk ledare, desto mer växer hans popularitet bland hans landsmän som applåderar honom för att stå emot världens mäktigaste stat.”

De ledare USA demoniserat har regelbundet fått sin interna makt förstärkt, alltifrån Fidel Castro (som överlevt åtta amerikanska presidenter) till Saddam Hussein och Slobodan Milosevic.

USA utpekar andra länder som slyngelstater. Man beter sig som “en global sheriff” och blir själv en “slyngel-supermakt”, skriver Huntington.

USA agerar på egen hand i viktiga frågor som avgifterna till FN, avtalet om förbud mot landminor och upprättandet av en permanent krigsförbrytartribunal. Inte mindre än 35 länder blev föremål för sanktioner från USA:s sida mellan 1993 och 1996. I år finns också Sverige på den listan.

Därmed blir USA också alltmer isolerat. På en konferens i Harvard 1997 kunde forskare rapportera att politiker och eliter i länder som omfattar två tredjedelar av världens befolkning ser USA som det största enskilda hotet mot deras samhällen, med “finansiell imperialism”, “intellektuell kolonialism” och en utrikespolitik som styrs av inrikespolitiska förutsättningar.

När USA bombar Jugoslavien ställer man cyniskt till med en mänsklig katastrof. Ansvaret för den etniska rensning som nu sker i Kosovo vilar till mycket stor del i Vita huset.

Hur kunde det bli så? Att en under lång tid försvagad president vill visa sig handlingskraftig är en orsak. En annan är att den amerikanska vapenindustrin behöver kris och krig för nya order.

Men viktigast är förmodligen att USA genom att bomba Jugoslavien manifesterar sin position som världens mäktigaste stat. De länder som inte underordnar sig ska veta att nästa gång kan det vara deras tur, alldeles särskilt Ryssland.

Huntington vågar trots allt vara lite optimistisk. Han tror att den nuvaranda globala maktstrukturen med amerikansk hegemoni är kortvarig och kommer att ersättas av en ny världsordning med många regionala stormakter som spelar den viktigaste rollen i sina regioner. Ett viktigt instrument i denprocessen är EU och särskilt den europeiska valutaunionen, menar han.

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