Tre minutters stilhed forde døde i Afghanistanog tre andrefredsfremmende forslag

Ekstrabladets “Frontalt”

Åbent brev til regeringen

Som andre EU-lande iagttog Danmark tre minutters stilhed for de uskyldigt dræbte i terror-angrebet på World Trade Center og Pentagon den 11. september sidste år. Der blev også afholdt en mindegudstjeneste i København med repræsentaner for regering, kongehus og for De forenede Stater i Danmark.

Ud fra et lignende humanistiskt hensyn mener jeg Danmark og ligesindede lande bør vise de uskyldigt dræbte i Afghanistan den samme ære. Af principielle grunde og fordi der er en indlysende sammanhæng mellem de to begivenheder.

Alle religioner understreger at ethvert menneskeliv er helligt. Humanisme bygger blandt andet på den ufravigelige grundværdi at alle og ethvert menneskeliv er lige så værdifuldt som ethvert andet uanset nationalitet, race, hudfarve, køn osv. Der er således ingen tvivl om at et uskyldigt dræbt menneskeliv i Afghanistan har eksakt samme værdi som ethvert af de knapt 3000 uskyldige liv, der blev taget 11. september.

Forsigtige beregninger gør gældende at 3.500 civile har mistet livet som følge af USA’s bombninger siden 7. oktober (Prof. Marc Herold, University of New Hampshire, USA) og dertil kommer drab på diverse halv-militære grupperinger og dem, USA kalder illegitime kombattanter, der altså ikke anses for at være soldater. Som bare ét eksempel fra måneders bombing dræbte de amerikanske Grønne Baretters “Tiger 03”-team sammen med bombeflyene 1300 formodede Taliban og Al-Quida-mænd på en dag, den 29. december (Ben Fenton, Telegraph, 8. januar 2002). Siden har der været mange rapporter om uskydligt dræbte.

Læg dertil alt hvad vi ikke véd endnu fordi det af forskellige grunde holdes hemmeligt. Læg dertil mennesker, der er sultet ihjel eller børn og gamle, der er bukket under under flugt fra bomber og krigshandlinger. Og læg dertil det kendte fænomen at en hel del tar livet af sig efter at det værste er overstået. Og der er fortsat krig.

Man kan derfor ikke udelukke at der alt i alt kan være dræbt op mod måske 5.000, måske 10,000 uskyldige civile. For at få klarhed i dette og mange andre forhold bør den danske og andre regeringer for det første foreslå at der oprettes et Haag-lignende tribunal for Afghanistan, der kan fungere indtil den planlagte Internationale Krigsforbryderdomstol træder i funktion, hvor alle konfliktens afghanske og internationale parter og deres handlinger blir udredt til bunds.

Som bekendt støtter USA ikke den kommende internationale domstol, fordi man ikke vil acceptere at amerikanske statsborgere blir dømt af andre end amerikanske myndigheder. Hensynet til international retfærdighed og retsbevidsthed samt til folkeretten bør indiskutabelt veje tungere end eventuelle hensyn til USA, der i tilfældet Afghanistan er krigsførende i et land, der ikke har angrebet USA.

Sandheds- og forsoningskommissioner vinder langtsomt frem, men de retfærdiggør ikke i samme grad som domstole og tribunaler opdelingen i de gode, der kan indtage rollen som dommer, og onde, der skal modtage straf. De appellerer heller ikke til hævnfølelser. Men ikke mindst af netop disse grunde kan sandheds- og forsoningskommissioner spille en vigtig, måske vigtigere, rolle i det langsigtige arbejde med at hele og normalisere samfundslivet efter krige.

Det bør derfor være helt naturligt at den danske regering, igen alene eller sammen med andre, foreslår oprettelsen (og går forrest i finansieringen) af en international Sandheds- og Forsoningskommission, der skal komme frem til sandheden om de sidste 25 års konflikter og krigshandlinger i landet, inklusive ikke-afghanske aktørers virksomhed i og mod Afghanistan, fra Sovjetunionens invasion og frem til idag. Som på Balkan har folkene internt bekæmpet hinanden, men de har også været en brik i et meget stort spil både i forhold til den “gamle” kolde krigs modsætninger og i den globale omstrukturering og magtkamp siden 1989.

En sådan kommission ville blandt andet kunne blotlægge hvilken rolle udenlandske efterretningstjenester har spillet, våbenhandelens rolle, finansieringen af talibanerne, olieinteresserne betydning samt hvorledes Afghanistan er kommet til at spille en helt central rolle i det verdensomspændende narkoproblem.

Genopbygningen af Afghanistan vil tage årtier. Det internationale samfunds indsatser efter krig begrænser sig ofte til humanitær bistand, lån og kreditter, hjælp med at genopbygge veje, energianlæg, telefoner samt, i bedste fald, forsøg på at støtte det civile samfund ved at etablere retsinstanser, uddanne politifolk og lignende. Disse indsatser er nødvendige, men aldrig tilstrækkelige i et efterkrigsland.

De rent menneskelige dimensioner er der sjældent nogen der tager hånd om: Hvordan skal vi hjælpe menneskene igennem sorgen, vreden, traumerne og hadet? Hvordan skal vi hjælpe dem til at respektere hinanden og atter leve sammen i tolerance? Hvordan bidrage til at reducere deres frygt for hævn fra “de andre” engang i fremtiden? Hvordan hjælpe børn og unge, der altid er særligt udsatte? Hvordan skabe bedre skolebøger end dem, der blot giver vinderens version og dermed giver generationer af børn og unge skylden for det der skete?

Alt dette handler ikke kun om penge, men om mennesker uddannet til at støtte andre psykologiskt og socialt, mennesker med såvel empati – indlevelse – som sympati og kærlighed. Det kan være læger, sygeplejersker, socialarbejdere, psykologer, præster, ungdomsledere, pædagoger, børnepsykiatere etc. Kan vi sende soldater bør vi også kunne sende den slags mennesker.

I de nordiske lande findes (endnu) en principielt solidarisk, humanistisk grundholdning at trække på blandt andet takket være ting som folkehøjskolerne, friskolerne, græsrødderne og det forhold at vi traditionelt har ligget højt hvad gælder ulandsbistand og åbenhed i forhold til flygtninge. Og vi betragtes ikke som “imperialister” ude i verden. Vi bør således yde en ganske særligt humanitær, fredsbyggende indsats, der når helt frem til det enkelte menneske i Afganistan og genopbygger sjæle og ikke kun bygninger.

Nogle vil måske mene at man ved at holde tre minutters stilhed for de døde i Afghanistan reducerer betydningen af katastrofen i USA. Dét argument savner bærekraft. Kvantitativt må vi huske på at USA har cirka 12 gange så mange indbyggere som Afghanistan. 3000 døde er således en 12 gange større national tragedie for Afghanistan som for USA. Tre minutters stilhed og en mindegudstjeneste for de døde i Afghanistan fjerne enhver tvivl om at vi gør forskel på menneskeliv. Det vil således gøre os større som humanister.

Idet jeg går ud fra at en suveræn stat som Danmark kan udøve en vis udenrigspolitisk selvstændighed vil jeg opfordre regeringen, alene eller sammen med ligesindende stater, til at tage initiativ til at omsætte de tre forslag ovenfor i praktisk politik: 1) vise konkret respekt for de udskyldigt døde også i Afghanistan, 2) foreslå et krigstribunal for Afghanistan, senere overført til den kommende internationale domstol, 3) foreslå en international Sandheds- og Forsoningskommission, samt 4) yde en ny type af indsats for fred og forsoning, der når de enkelte mennesker i Afghanistan. 

PhD, Peace & future researcher + ‌Art Photographer, Professor Emeritus and media commentator

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