PressInfo #151 – Tre minuters tystnad för de dödai Afghanistan ochtre andra fredsförslag

Ett öppet brev till Sveriges och övriga Nordens regeringar

Kom också ihåg de oskyldiga som dödats i Afghanistan

Liksom andra länder inom EU iakttog Sverige tre minuters tystnad för de oskyldiga dödsoffren i terrorattacken på World Trade Centre och Pentagon den 11 september förra året. Utifrån liknande humanitära överväganden borde, enligt min uppfattning, Sverige och likasinnade länder visa de oskyldiga dödsoffren i Afghanistan samma ärebetygelse. På principiell grund, och därför att det finns ett uppenbart samband mellan de bägge händelserna.

Alla religioner understryker att varje människoliv är heligt. Humanism bygger på förutsättningen bland annat att varje människoliv är precis lika värdefullt som varje annat, oavsett nationalitet, ras, hudfärg, kön osv. Det råder därför inget tvivel om att de oskyldiga människoliv som gått förlorade i Afghanistan har exakt samma värde som vart och ett av de nära 3000 oskyldiga liv som togs den 11 september.

Enligt noggranna beräkningar har 3500 civila förlorat livet till följd av USA:s bombningar sedan de 7 oktober. (Professor Marc Herold, universitet i New Hampshire, USA) Till detta kan läggas att halvmilitära grupper dödats, liksom det USA kallar olagliga kombattanter, som inte heller betraktas som soldater. Som ett exempel från bombmånaderna kan nämnas hur förbandet ‘Tiger 03’ av amerikanska Gröna baskrarna under en dag, den 29 december, tillsammans med bombplanen dödade 1300 män som påstods vara talibaner och tillhörande al-Quida (Ben Fenton, Telegraph, 8 januari 2002). Och sedan dess har det varit många ytterligare rapporter om oskyldiga döda.

Dessutom har vi allt det som vi hittills är omedvetna om eftersom det av olika skäl hålls hemligt. Och ovanpå detta folk som har svält ihjäl eller barn och gamla som bomber och krigshandlingar har hunnit ifatt under flykten. Och, ovanpå allt detta, har vi det välkända fenomenet att en del av de överlevande tar sitt liv sedan det värsta de fått vara med om är förbi. Och göm inte att kriget pågår för fullt.

En internationell krigsförbrytartribunal för Afghanistan

Man kan därför inte utesluta möjligheten att upp emot kanske 5 000, kanske 10 000 oskyldiga civila nu kan ha dödats. För att uppnår klarhet om dessa och många andra hithörande frågor, borde den svenska regeringen tillsammans med andra föreslå att det skapas en Haagliknande tribunal för Afghanistan. Den skulle fungera tills den planerade permanenta internationella brottmålsdomstolen har blivit inrättad. Det skulle ge möjlighet till djupare förklaringar av både de afghanska och de internationella aspekterna av konflikten och hur olika parter agerat inom och kring Afghanistan.

Som bekant stöder Förenta staterna inte den blivande internationella brottmålsdomstolen eftersom Förenta staterna inte accepterar att amerikanska medborgare skulle kunna dömas av några andra än amerikanska myndigheter.

Hänsyn till såväl den internationella rättskipningens bokstav och anda som rättskänslan borde otvivelaktigt väga tyngre än hänsyn till det känsliga i att kritisera Förenta staterna, ett land som utkämpar mot ett land som inte anfallit Förenta staterna.

En sannings- och försoningskommission för Afghanistan

Sannings- och försoningskommissioner vinner sakta terräng men genom dem rättfärdigas och främjas inte i samma utsträckning som genom domstolar eller tribunaler uppdelningen i goda, som tar på sig domarrollen, och onda som skall straffas. De styrs inte av hämndkänslor. Men inte minst av just dessa skäl kan sådana kommissioner spela en vital, möjligen en mycket mer vital roll i det långvariga arbetet att läka och normalisera livet i samhällen efter krig. Det borde därför vara fullständigt normalt att den svenska regeringen, antingen på egen hand eller tillsammans med likasinnade, föreslår att det skapas en sanningskommission (och själv tar ledningen vid finansieringen av den), som har i uppgift att få fram sanningen om de senaste 25 årens konflikter och krigshandlingar i Afghanistan.

Den skulle omfatta även icke-afghanska parters verksamhet vid konflikterna i och mot Afghanistan och täcka en period som börjar en tillräcklig tid före Sovjetunionens invasion och fram till dagens händelser. Liksom när det gäller Balkan, har befolkningen stridit internt sinsemellan, men den har också fått vara spelpjäs i ett mycket större spel både i det kalla krigets relationer och i konfliktbildningarna och den globala omstruktureringen och maktkampen alltsedan 1989.

En sådan kommission skulle kunna frilägga vilka roller utländska underrättelsetjänster har spelat, vapenhandlarnas roll, finansieringen av talibanerna, betydelsen av handeln med olja, och även hur Afghanistan kommit att spela en central roll i det världsomfattande narkotikaproblemet.

Fokus på den djupa humanitära dimensionen vid återuppbyggnaden av Afghanistan

Återuppbyggnaden av Afghanistan kommer att ta årtionden. Världssamfundets bidrag efter krig begränsas ofta till humanitärt bistånd, lån och krediter, hjälp att återuppbygga vägar, kraftinstallationer och telefonsystem. I bästa fall försöker man stödja det civila samhället genom att upprätta domstolar, utbilda poliser och driva andra liknande planer. Dessa bidrag är nödvändiga, men aldrig tillräckliga i ett land som lider av krigets efterverkningar.

De rent humanitära dimensionerna har sällan en adressat: Hur skall vi kunna hjälpa människor att komma igenom sorg, vrede, trauman och hat? Hur skall vi kunna hjälpa dem att respektera varandra och leva tillsammans igen i tolerans? Hur skall vi bidra till att minska deras fruktan för hämnd från “andra sidan” som kan hota deras nya framtid? Hur hjälper vi barnen och de unga som alltid är särskilt sårbara? Hur skapar vi bättre läroböcker i skolorna än de som blott och bart tar fram segrarens vision och därför belastar generationer av barn och unga med skuld för det som hänt tidigare?

Inget av detta handlar bara om pengar, det handlar om att utbilda människor som stödjer varandra psykologiskt och socialt, människor med både empati – förmågan att identifiera, att sympatisera &endash och människor med kärlek. Det kan vara läkare, sköterskor, socialarbetare, psykologer, präster, ungdomsledare, lärarpersonal, barnpsykiatrer osv. Om man kan skicka soldater, då borde vi också kunna skicka dessa slags människor.

I de nordiska länderna finns fortfarande en tradition av grundläggande humanism tack vare företeelser som folkhögskolor, friskolor, gräsrötter, jämlikhet mellan könen och välfärdsstatsmodellen. Dessa länder har traditionellt högt anseende när det gäller att ge utlandsbistånd och att ta emot flyktingar och andra i nöd. De nordiska länderna ses inte som imperialistiska av andra i världen. Detta är tillgångar av oerhört stort värde och det borde man dra största nytta av i krislägen. Vi borde följaktligen lämna ett unikt humanitärt, fredsuppbyggande bidrag som är riktat speciellt till de enskilda människorna i Afghanistan och återuppbygga själar, inte bara byggnader och infrastruktur.

Det gör oss också till större humanister

Somliga tror kanske att det minskar betydelsen av katastrofen i USA att man håller tre minuters tystnad för de döda i Afghanistan. Det är inte en hållbar synpunkt. Vi bör komma ihåg att kvantativt har USA omkring tolv gånger så många invånare som Afghanistan. I rent kvantitativa termer är därför 3000 döda en katastrof som i Afghanistan är tolv gånger så stor som i USA. Tre minuters tystnad och en minnesceremoni för dem som dog i Afghanistan skulle skingra alla tvivel om att vi gör skillnad på olika människoliv. Det skulle göra oss till större humanister.

Jag tar för givet att en suverän stat som Sverige kan stå för ett visst oberoende inom utrikespolitiken speciellt i svåra tider när det som mest behövs. Därför uppmanar jag regeringen att, ensam eller tillsammans med likasinnade stater som de nordiska länderna, ta initiativ till förverkligande av följande förslag till praktisk politik:

1) visa konkret respekt för alla de oskyldiga som dött också i Afghanistan;

2) föreslå en krigstribunal för Afghanistan, att vid en senare tidpunkt överföras till den internationella brottmålsdomstolen;

3) föreslå en internationell sannings- och försoningskommission, och

4) ge en ny typ av bidrag till fred och försoning som är riktad till enskilda invånare i Afghanistan.

Översättning
Erik Göthe

© TFF 2002

Peace & future researcher + ‌Art Photographer

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