PressInfo #148 – Tänk om vi hade försökt lösa Mellanösterkonflikten påannat sätt?

När jag ser fasorna på Västbanken och Colin Powell’s förutsägbara misslyckande med “fredsuppdraget”, ställer jag mig minst tre frågor:

a) Skall vi någonsin lära oss att se våldet självt såsom det huvudproblem det är och såsom kontraproduktivt för varje fredsuppgörelse?

b) Hur mycket längre skall det vara möjligt att använda metoder för “konflikthantering” som har visat sig vara katastrofbringande och folkrättsstridiga i praktiskt taget samtliga fall sedan slutet av det kalla kriget, inte minst på Balkan och nu senast i Afghanistan? Hur mycket längre kommer det att vara möjligt att undvika frågan: Har den självutnämnda medlaren USA den professionella kunnighet, de altruistiska motiv och den opartiskhet som krävs för att fungera som en äkta medlare?

c) Kan vi lära oss något konstruktivt av den trag iska upptrappningen av våldet i Mellanöstern?

Kort sagt tror jag att vi behöver utforska vilka “tänk om”.vi har Tänk om alla parter hade inriktat sig på konflikten på ett annat sätt och använt sig av en annan och professionell paradigm under de senaste årtiondena? Israels regering använder sig av statsterror. En del palestinska grupper och enskilda använder sig av smågruppsterror. Israels politik bidrar till den palestinska fruktan och förtvivlan som skapar självmordsbombare, självmordsbombare bidrar till den israeliska fruktan och förtvivlan som Sharonregeringen behöver för sitt krig.

Det är en sorglig läxa som ännu ingen lärt: våld föder våld och onda cirklar finns i överflöd. Lägg våld ovanpå en för övrigt legitim men svår konflikt och och den antar en egen dynamik – som har såsom enda effekt att det blir ännu svårare att åstadkomma en lösning. En del känner sig bättre av att lägga skulden på någon. Vi kan lägga skulden på ena sidan ena dagen och på andra sidan andra dagen. Men det leder oss ingen vart att lägga skulden på den ena eller den andra sidan.

Logiskt sett kan misslyckade fredsprocesser tillskrivas a) en eller flera av parterna i konflikten, b) medlaren eller fredsmäklaren eller c) deras sätt att ta itu med konflikten. Medierna och medlarna pekar mot den ena eller andra parten, parterna pekar mot varandra – vilket alltsammans rättfärdiga nya omgångar dödande.

Ramen

Fokus ligger på Israel/israelerna/judarna och på Palestina/palestinierna/araberna.

Tänk om vi hade sett mer på konflikten som en punkt i ett större regionalt och globalt sammanhang och arbetat med visionen av en hel region i fred?

Konfliktanalys

1) Territorium

Tonvikten har legat på territorium, kartor och gränser. Tänk om vi hade lagt samma vikt vid icke-territoriella aspekter, vid sociala, ekonomiska och kulturella dimensioner av konflikten och seriöst tagit itu med mänskliga dimensioner som vrede, hat, misstro, trauma och fruktan?

2) De agerande

Tonvikten har lagts vid komflikten mellan israeler och palestinier som om de vore helt homogena grupper ställda mot varandra. Tänk om vi hade lagt större vikt vid såväl den mångetniska realiteten på båda sidor som konflikterna inom det israeliska och inom det palestinska “lägret” , såväl de mjuka och de hårda attityderna som den rika mångfalden inom vardera?

3) Klasser och tillgångar för konfliktlösning

Tonvikten har lagts vid ledare, personligheter och människor vid makten, både i termer av själva konflikten, våldet och förhandlingsprocesserna. Fokus är alltjämt på de gamla generationen och på män (Sharon 74 år, Arafat 73 år).

Tänk om vi hade fokuserat på medborgare, det civila samhället, fredskapaciteten och de ritualer för konfliktlösning som finns i varje samhälle?

Tänk om vi hade fokuserat på oskyldiga unga, den framtida generationen vars liv håller på att förstöras?

Tänk om vi hade arbetat mycket mer med kvinnorna, som alltid bär upp det civila samhället?

4) Våld

Tonvikten har alltid lagts vid våldet, kriget, vapnen och terrorn. Det har gjort dem som använder sig av våld mäktiga och berömda. Tänk om vi hade fokuserat på fredsgrupper, dialoggrupper, experiment för samexistens, fredssamfund (som det finns många av) och gjort dem berömda?

Tänk om vi mer hade lyssnat på vägrare och på dem som haft invändningar av samvetsbetänkligheter än på bägge sidors krigsherrar och terrorister?

Tänk om medierna hade berättat mycket mer för oss om viljan till fred och grupper som Seeds of Peace (Frön till fred)

5) Grundorsaker

Världssamfundet hävdar att våldet först måste upphöra och att det måste bli ett eldupphör innan parterna kan få bistånd att finna en politisk överenskommelse.

Tänk om man i stället hade ansträngt sig att förstå varför människor från början tar till våld, en fokusering på grundorsakerna där våldet är symptomen?

Tänk om någon hade frågat huruvida det var klokt att ge parterna, särskilt Israel, alla dessa vapen och kalla det “säkerhet” och “stabilitet”?

6) Trauman och lidanden

Trauman och lidanden, historiskt väsentliga för bägge sidor, har praktiskt taget lämnats därhän. Såren i hjärtan och själar får mycket mindre uppmärksamhet än såren på de sårade kroppar som transporteras i ambulanser.

Tänk om vi i stället hade inriktat oss på denna konflikt som en konflikt mellan djupt sårade folk, mellan judarna som offer för Förintelsen och palestinierna som offer för deras bosättarkolonialism? Bägge känner att de är offer för den andre och för historien och att de har rätt vedergällning.

Tänk om vi hade framhärdat med att samma principer, som rätten till återvändande, skall gälla för alla, inte bara för judarna utan även för palestinierna? Tänk om någon hade bett om ursäkt för att européerna och världssamfundet också är historiskt skyldiga?

Tänk om vi i konsekvens med detta hade respekterat orsakerna till missnöje, känslorna och förhoppningarna för framtiden hos parterna i stället för att påtvinga dem våra egna “fredsplaner”?

Tänk om vi hade ägnat uppmärksamhet åt undertexten och det psykokulturella sammanhanget och inte bara åt diplomaternas hållningar, planer, maktspel och politiska utspel?

Tänk om västländerna överlag hade varit en smula mer ödmjuka, lyssnat bättre och främjat sina egna intressen mindre?

7) Parternas maktrelationer

Allmänt sett verkar de tongivande massmedierna behandla denna konflikt som symmetrisk. Titta, palestinierna är också starka, de har ju vapen och använder självmordsbombare, säger de.

Men tänk om vi hade gjort en uppskattning av det större maktförhållandet, som det årliga biståndet på 3-5 miljarder USA-dollar från Förenta staterna till ena sidan, av Israels överväldigande militära makt, med nära 4000 stridsvagnar, 440 stridsflygplan och minst 100 kärnvapen?

Tänk om vi ovanpå det hade lagt den ekonomiska makten och kontrollen av odlingsbar mark och vatten? Om vi gjort detta, skulle vi ha sett konflikten som asymmetrisk . Detta är viktigt eftersom vem som helst som har ett minimum av kunskap om konflikter och medling vet att assymmetriska och symmetriska konflikter måste hanteras på olika sätt.

I två efterföljande PressInfo skall vi behandla frågorna a) Tänk om vi hade utarbetat en annan medlings- och fredsprocess, och b) Tänk om vi skulle förändra kretsgången mellan krig och fred och röra oss från en militarisering till en demilitarisering av konflikter.

© TFF 2002

Peace & future researcher + ‌Art Photographer

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