Tio år har gått sedan de storskaliga massmorden på bosnienmuslimska män i den Srebrenica. Stadens namn har för alltid etsats in i samtidens kollektiva medvetande. Jag träffade och intervjuade själv hösten 1995 flyktingar från Srebrenica i den bosniska staden Tuzla, hörde deras fasansfulla berättelser.

På tioårsdagen i måndags hade tiotusentals sörjande samlats i Srebrenica för att minnas det som skedde, också ledande politiker från många länder. Serbiens president Boris Tadic deltog i ceremonin och sa att “det är nödvändigt att bryta de onda cirklarna”. Tadics närvaro var viktig. Försoning efter ett krig kräver att parterna erkänner också den egna sidans brott. Det sker inte ofta.

Massakern i Srebrenica inträffade den heta krigssommaren 1995, då gränser ritades om med vapenmakt. Omvärlden blev uppmärksam på det som hade hänt första gången när USA:s dåvarande utrikesminister Madeleine Albright en månad senare, den 10 augusti, i FN visade upp bilder, som påstods visa “nyligen förflyttad jord”, nära Srebrenica. Bilderna hade tagits av amerikanska spionsatelliter som minutiöst övervakade stridszonerna i Bosnien och som uppgavs kunna urskilja registreringsplåtarna på bilar. Bosnien var vid tillfället världens dittills mest övervakade område.

USA offentliggjorde  aldrig bilderna. Därtill kommer att man ju också måste ha haft ett berg av andra bilder som visade soldater och fångar, det handlade ju om över 10.000 personer.

I dag tycks många ha glömt att Srebrenica också handlade om amerikansk inrikespolitik på högsta nivå. Bill Clinton hade förödande förlorat mellanvalet 1994 och såg ut att gå mot ett säkert nederlag i presidentvalet 1996. Republikanernas kritik riktades särskilt mot Clintons “handlingsförlamning” i Bosnienpolitiken och mot den roll han gav FN. En av presidentens utrikespolitiska rådgivare, Anthony Lake, menade att “Bosnien blivit en cancer på Clintons hela utrikespolitik, något som fullständigt frätte sönder all trovärdighet”.

Watergatejournalisten Bob Woodward har i sin “The Choice” beskrivit hur Lake i juni 1995 utarbetade en slutspelsstrategi för Bosnien. Det höll på att gå illa. USA:s stöd till Kroatiens militär var förutsättningen för att landets ärkenationalistiske president Franjo Tudjman i “Operation Storm” sommaren 95 fördrev 200.000 serber, småfolk och bönder, från provinsen Krajina i Kroatien, där de levt sedan generationer. Det var de jugoslaviska sönderfallskrigens dittills största etniska rensning. TV-bilderna från ändlösa karavaner flyktingar som färdades mot Serbien mest i traktorer upprörde omvärlden.

Albrights satellitbilder från Srebrenica fick omedelbar effekt. Fokus förflyttades. De fördrivna och dödade serberna i Krajina – däribland över 300 dödade kvinnor och barn – blev aldrig “värdiga offer”. Jag färdades ett år efter katastrofen i egen bil genom detta område i Krajina, dödens byar utan en levande varelse. Flyktingarna från Krajina har sällan kunnat återvända utan lever ännu i dag mest i miserabla läger i Serbien.

Världen måste kunna bli upprörd både över Srebrenicas fasor och över det som skedde i Krajina och på andra håll.

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Sensommaren 1995 bombade Nato de bosnienserbiska ställningarna. I november undertecknades Daytonavtalet i USA, helt enligt Lakes ritningar. Det var en Pax Americana. Luften gick ur republikanernas kritik mot Clinton också vad det gäller FN, sedan NATO gått in och FN tvingats ut. FN marginaliserades. Och Clinton omvaldes med stor majoritet 1996.

Det var ju bra för Clinton, men inte lika bra för de bosniska folken. Tio år senare lider alla under ett bedrövligt avtal som förvandlat Bosnien till ett internationellt protektorat, utan egentlig demokrati och vad värre är utan ekonomisk utveckling och framtidshopp. Daytonavtalet borde självklart omförhandlas. Men vem bryr sig??

Krigsförbrytelser måste lyftas fram och granskas. I min värld är amerikanernas anfall och övergrepp mot den irakiska staden Falluja i Irak ett brott av samma dignitet som bosnienserbernas i Srebrenica. Men invånarna i Falluja, offer i ett pågående ockupationskrig, är inte “värdiga offer”.

FN kritiserades för att man sommaren 1995 inte kunde skydda Srebrenica, som var en “fredad zon”, vilket lett till att stora mängder flyktingar sökt sig dit. Men FN är inte starkare än medlemsländerna, som inte ställde upp med soldater. Den alltför lilla holländska FN-truppen i staden var maktlös och möjligen också imkompetent. Det hela blev inte bättre av att det kort tid före Srebrenicas fall – enligt FN-uppgifter – fanns mellan tre och fyratusen muslimska soldater i staden, i strid mot avtalet om “fredad zon”. Rader av bosnienmuslimska övergrepp gjordes mot serbiska byar i området. Massakern i Srebrenica blev en vidrig vedergällning för dessa, vilket påpekats av den franske generalen Philippe Morillon i vittnesmål i Haag. Morillon var 1992 och 93 FN:s befälhavare i Bosnien.

De bosnienmuslimska truppers ledare i Srebrenica, Nasir Oric, lät fotografera sig med sina serbiska offers avhuggna huvuden och skröt med sina bravader. Han har ställts inför rätta vid Haagdomstolen, vilket dessvärre inte skett vad gäller de båda eftersökta bosnienserberna, presidenten Radovan Karadzic och generalen Ratko Mladic. Den nyligen frisläppta video, där bosnienserbisk milis grymt torterar och mördar sina bosnienmuslimska offer visar en del av det ansvar de bär.

Många menar att om bara Karadzic och Mladic förs till Haag skulle processen mot fred få fart. Tyvärr är det nog inte så enkelt. Det enda som är verkningsfullt är om de ekonomiska hjulen börjar rulla igen, om människor får arbete och framtidshopp. Där borde EU kunna göra oändligt mycket mer än nu för alla de sydslaviska folken, både för att läka krigens sår och för att skapa ett Europa utan krig.

Srebrenica får vi aldrig glömma, inte heller Krajina eller Stupni Do. Men vi får inte heller glömma de generationer som i dag är unga på Balkan – och vad som kan göras för att de ska kunna växa upp i fred och i ett återvändande välstånd, där krigets skuggor bleknar.

Sören Sommelius

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