PressInfo #228 – Kosovo: Många valmöjligheter utom oberoende

Den serbiska provinsen Kosovo, huvudsakligen befolkad av den albanska separatistiskt inställda majoriteten, har inte lyckats tillgodose de grundläggande mänskliga rättigheter och den politiska standard som villkorats av världssamfundet, men icke desto mindre ska under de närmaste månaderna påbörjas samtal om dess framtida status.

Denna grundläggande slutsats av en länge emotsedd rapporten av FN:s särskilda utsände Kai Eide har godkänts av FN:s generalsekreterare Kofi Annan och fått fullständigt stöd från EU och USA, men paradoxen med detta har man inte lyckats avmystifiera.

För bara två och ett halvt år sedan krävde världssamfundet att samtal om Kosovos ställning inte skulle inledas innan man uppnått en viss standard i fråga om mänskliga rättigheter.

Men då det sedan dess har blivit allt klarare att den kosovoalbanska majoriteten är ovillig att tillgodose kriterierna och att FN inte förmår genomdriva dem, har förutsättningarna oavbrutet urvattnats tills den proklamerade politiken “standard före status” slutligen begravdes med Eides rapport.

Varför har det misslyckats? Är det på grund av rädsla för det kosovoalbanska hotet att förespråka våld om samtalen om Kosovos ställning inte snart inleds, eller var hela politiken en bluff från början?

Vad slags signal ger det i fråga om rättvisan i de aviserade samtalen? Kommer hoten om etniskt våld om man inte uppnår “enda valet för kosovoalbanerna &endash; oberoende” &endash; återigen att spela en roll? Eller kommer världssamfundet att övervinna sin rädsla och erbjuda både Pristina och Belgrad skäl att tro att lösningen skulle bli förhandlad och långsiktig istället för påtvingad, ensidig och konfliktalstrande?

De som förordar oberoende för Kosovo, som International Crisis Group, Wesley Clark, Richard Holbrooke och olika kongressledamöter i USA, hävdar att “oberoende är enda lösningen”. USA har mer trängande problem på annat håll. Men fullständigt oberoende kan inte framförhandlas, det kan bara påtvingas. Ett “oberoende Kosova” innefattar att kosovoalbanerna uppnår sitt maximimål med militära medel medan Belgrad och kosovoserberna och romerna inte ens skulle få sitt minimimål. Det blir ett recept för framtida bråk.

Det skulle också vara kontraproduktivt för Europa och USA: att ställa sig på kosovoalbanernas sida och isolera Serbien &endash; en i högsta grad mångetnisk, strategiskt betydelsefull, konstitutionell stat med en marknad på 10 miljoner människor &endash; skulle vara dumt. Att fortsätta att bestraffa Serbien och serberna kollektivt för Milosevics brutalitet skulle vara omoraliskt.

Ett “oberoende Kosova” skulle skapa ett farligt prejudikat för området, inte minst i Bosnien och Makedonien, för folkrätten, för den europeiska integrationen. Och blir det Kosovo, så varför då inte Taiwan, Tibet, Tjetjenien, Tamil Eelam, Kashmir? Världen har omkring 200 stater och 5000 etniska grupper. Vem skulle vilja se 4800 nya stater? Framtiden handlar om globalisering och integrering.

Oberoende skulle också bryta mot FN:s säkerhetsråds resolution 1244 om Kosovo från 1999. Inte ens med en fri tolkning godkänner resolutionen oberoende. Oberoende skulle belöna albanska extremister som har legat bakom den etniska rensningskampanjen mot de icke-albanska samhällena, det skulle uppmuntra dem som exporterade våldet från Kosovo till det angränsande södra Serbien och till Makedonien. Det ‘avväpnade’ protektoratet Kosovo spelade huvudrollen i alla dessa aktioner.

Resultatet av Milosevics auktoritära politik förhindrar klart att Kosovo återvänder till sin status före 1999. Belgrad erkänner detta i dag. Världssamfundet å sin sida vägrar att se att FN, Nato, EU och OSSE i Kosovo totalt har misslyckats med att skapa det mångetniska, toleranta och trygga Kosovo som de trodde att bombningarna skulle underlätta. Praktiskt taget inga av de 200 000 serberna och de tiotusentals andra icke-albaner som kände sig hotade av de albanska nationalisterna och terroristerna under 1999-2000 har återvänt.

Proportionellt sett är detta den största etbiska rensningen i det före detta Jugoslavien. En halv miljon serber i dagens Serbien, fördrivna från Kroatien, Bosnien och Kosovo, utgör Europas största &endash; men ignorerade &endash; flyktingproblem. Kosovos ekonomi är alltjämt förödd och maffiaintegrerad &endash; med 70% arbetslöshet.

Det finns aldrig bara en lösning på ett komplicerat problem. Mellan den gamla autonomin för Kosovo och fullständigt oberoende finns en mängd tänkbara valmöjligheter &endash; med kombinationer av inre och regionala faktorer. Alla borde finnas på förhandlingsbordet: ett medborgarnas Kosovo där etnisk bakgrund är irrelevant, kantonisering, förbund, konfederation, gemensam suveränitet, dubbel autonomi för minoriteter där och i södra Serbien, delning, internationell kontrollförvaltning, oberoende med särskilda betingelser som mjuka gränser, ingen armé och garantier för att Kosovo aldrig skall anslutas till Albanien. Minst kreativt av allt detta är “bara en lösning” som alla huvudaktörer i dag föreslår &endash; helt oförenlig med varje annan “bara en lösning”.

Slutligen kommer ingen formell status att fungera om folket fortsätter att hata och inte ser några utvecklingsmöjligheter. Om vi bortser ifrån mänskliga behov såsom faktor för att minska rädsla, genomföra djupgående försoning och åstadkomma ekonomisk återhämtning, kommer ett oberoende Kosovo att bli ännu en misslyckad stat, som kanske äts upp av inbördeskrig. Inte heller ett etniskt rent, enbart albanskt Kosovo är en garanti för regional stabilitet. Det skulle snart kunna bli en farlig börda för EU.

Kosovo rör framtiden för en provins i Serbien men rör även regionen och EU. Ja, Kosovo handlar också om global politik. FN, EU och USA borde nu i elfte timmen omvärdera sin politik efter 1990 och erkänna att det finns behov av ett mycket mer intellektuellt öppet och politiskt pluralistiskt sätt att ta itu med problemet än det som tidigare främjats. Rigiditet, principlöshet och önsketänkande kan återigen visa sig bli fiender till en hållbar fred i området.

TFF har hållit på med konfliktdämpande arbete i alla delar av det före detta Jugoslavien sedan 1991. Arbetsgrupper från TFF fungerade under 1990-talet som good-will-rådgivare åt både jugoslaviska regeringar och den nuvarande presidenten Ibrahim Rugovas kosovoalbanska ledning.

© TFF and the author 2005

"September 2003 - present: PhD in Journalism and Communications, University of Belgrade. Working on the PhD thesis « Journalistic Responsibility in Crisis Situations : a Case-study Analysis of the Relationship between Media Management and Ethical Reporting ». 1996- 1997: Masters (M.A.) in International Affairs-Conflict Analysis, Carleton University, Ottawa Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University, Ottawa. A-level GPA - Defended thesis ""with distinction"": ""Influence of the Media on Preventive Diplomacy: Three Cases from the Yugoslav Conflict"". 1992-1996: Bachelor of Journalism (B.J.) - Highest Honors in Journalism and Political Science, Carleton University, Ottawa"

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