PressInfo #199 – PressInfo 199 DK , En debat om moralen at gai krig

Er der nogen der spekulerer på om Al Qaeda-krigere har det svært med deres nattesøvn? Selv tror jeg ikke at de har nogen problemer. Efter at være blevet høje af at slagte “de utro” sover de de retfærdiges søvn, på trods af den manglende godkendelse en sådan opførsel har fra den islamiske teologi.

Det er mere interessant at spørge om hvorvidt George W. Bush og Tony Blair sover godt. Hvad slags narkotika har de kunnet indtage? Ingen hulde jomfruer venter i deres himmel, og deres krigsføring er langtfra inspireret af de Augustianske principper for den retfærdige krig. Men de er dog mænd af religiøs overbevisning, og burde det så ikke være svært at slukke sin sengelampe, når man ved at man har givet ordre til en langt større slagt af uskyldige end tilfældet var ved terrordådet d.11.september 2001.

I vores vestlige kultur bliver man, hvis ens handlinger ikke er i pagt med ens følelser, almindeligvis anset for at være en farlig psykopat.

Ingen har som Robert McNamara lagt figur til det dilemma. Hans stålsatte ledelse af forsvarsministeriet under både præsident Kennedy og Johnson, er stadig formål for respektindgydende samtaler.

McNamara regerede over Pentagon både under misilkrisen der fulgte angrebene på Cuba og under hele opbygningen af Vietnamkrigen, da han lancerede konceptet “ligtælling” for at måle de amerikanske troppers fremgang.Hvis der skrives om dette her og nu, så er det fordi der er behov for den viden. Og der er behov for langt mere kvalificeret journalistik i fremtiden.

Men McNamara sov vist fortræffeligt, også selv om han påstod sig føle en vis “moralsk anspændthed”, lige til den 2 november 1965, da en ung kvæker, far til tre, brændte sig selv ihjel mindre end 13 meter fra hans kontorvinduer. Denne handling tvang ham til ny indsigt, noget han senere erkendte: “Norman Morrisons handling fik mine øjne op for den enorme uoverensstemmelse mellem budet “du må ikke dræbe”, som altid har indgået i mit moralkodeks og så den virkelighed der var dagligdag i Vietnam”, skrev McNamara.

Fra det tragiske øjeblik ændrede McNamara opfattelse. Han fortsatte med at styre krigen, men han gik mere og mere ind for at føre forhandlinger. En måned efter Morrisons selvmord tog han initiativ til en 37 dages bombepause, men gav dog derefter op. Han har senere, da han så tilbage på den tid, erkendt: “Vi troede at vi handlede i menneskehedens interesse, men tabet af liv oversteg langt hvad vi og andre havde kunnet forudse.” Nu indså han også at USA kunne have afsluttet krigen i 1962, altså 13 år inden man gennemførte den endelige tilbagetrækning, hvis man fuldt ud havde undersøgt de muligheder der lå i ikke-militære måder at opnå USA’s mål på. “Det ville have reddet vores sjæl”, sagde han.

Mikhail Gorbatjov, tidligere præsident for Sovjetunionen, gav mig svar på det spørgsmål jeg altid har ønsket at stille til en leder af en stormagt. I et interview med Jonathan Schell, der spurgte om han kunne have startet en atomkrig, svarede han: “Selv i øvelsessituationer, hvor jeg havde en mappe ved hånden med koderne og en illustrativ knap, så rørte jeg den aldrig”. Gennem hans handlinger og alle hans kompromis’er med det brutale kommunistiske system, fremgår det at Gorbatjov satte sin personlige grænse ved voldsudøvelse. Han nægtede at tillade at tropper blev udstationeret i de baltiske lande, selv om militæret pressede voldsom på for at gå ind og forhindre disse landes uafhængighed, noget der i øvrigt under alle omstændigheder var en tabt sag.

Han var heller ikke villig til at bruge vold for at stoppe flygtningestrømmen fra òsteuropa, Berlinmurens fald og senere Sovjetunionens opløsning. ((Ja, undskyld igen, men hvordan kan din gode Jonathan Power vide om Gorbatjov ikke ville have standset Sovjetunionens opløsning hvis han havde kunnet?)) Og han var heller ikke villig til at udløse en borgerkrig i sit land da Boris Jeltsin langede ud efter magten. “Man kan nedlægge sin fjende, man kan ødelægge en ideologisk modstander, men i historiens lys vil det ikke være en sejr”, har Gorbatjov en gang sagt. Man kan ikke forestille sig Gorbatjovs i en lignende krig som den der idag udspiller sig i Tjetjenien.

“Og så er der jorden, alt det mudder hvor kød rådner, hvor øjne går i opløsning. Disse arme, disse ben som knuses i vildsvinets gab. Sjælene rådne og fulde af sår af at dræbe, kroppene udsultne af mangel på ømhed, så de forfølger dem der er sunde for morskabs skyld. Det er en koldbrand der æder hjertet op indefra . . “, skriver Duong Thu Huong i den gribende “Roman uden Navn”, baseret på hendes egne oplevelser som soldat på Vietcongsiden. Men det kunne lige så godt have handlet om Irak eller Tjetjenien. Når man lægger bogen fra sig føler man sine egne øjne blive stukket ud, sit egen døde legeme hænge fra et træ og den “kvælende lugt af lig og krudt”. Da bliver det svært at sove.

© TFF and the author 2004

Foreign affairs columnist, film-maker and author

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