PressInfo #175 – USA och Kuwait undergräver FNgenom att gå in i dendemilitariserade zonen på gränsenmellan Irak och Kuwait

Det kanske inte är den mest kända av FNs fredsmissioner, men vi kommer säkerligen att få höra mer om den inom kort eftersom den är placerad pågränsen mellan Kuwait och Irak. Dess namn är UNIKOM (UN Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission), Läs om den här.

UNIKOM etablerades 1991 av Säkerhetsrådets resolution 687. Under TFF’s analys-resa till Irak i januari i år besökte vi denna FN-mission.

Enligt de senaste dagarnas rapporter i pressen har USAs Marinkår och amerikanska fordon gått in i denna demilitariserade zon (DMZ) mellan Irak och Kuwait. På Kuwaits sida har stängsel tagits ned och 7 grindar satts upp, förmodligen förberedelser inför en invasion och ockupation av Irak.

Vi, artikelförfattarna, är inga experter på internationell lag och skall inte bedöma huruvida detta är en kränkning av Säkerhetsrådets resolution och/eller delar av annan internationell lag, eller om det finns något finstilt skrivet någonstans som legitimerar detta under speciella omständigheter. Dock betvivlar vi detta. Det är svårt att begripa att en av FN demilitariserad zon kan kränkas av beväpnad personal i förberedelser för en attack på en medlemsstat i FN och att detta skulle vara legalt.

Ännu viktigare är att detta otvivelaktigt är ett allvarligt politiskt och moraliskt slag mot FNs auktoritet och integritet. Det undergräver både Säkerhetsrådet och den mycket viktiga och högst kompetenta UNIKOM-missionen på plats. Dessutom destabiliserar det regionen och signalerar till regimen i Irak att den kommer att bli anfallen oavsett vad den gör för att undvika krig.

Det är frapperande att denna unilaterala aktion inte har orsakat uppståndelse och att det praktiskt taget inte har varit någon internationell debatt om detta.

Frågor som bör ställas

Vi tror att denna utveckling väcker en rad viktiga frågor med betydande relevans för internationell fred och säkerhet.

1. Ansökte USA tillstånd från Förenta Nationerna innan de gick in i den demilitariserade zonen? Om så är fallet, på vilka grunder fick USA tillstånd att gå in i zonen med vapen?

2. När FN har informerat Säkerhetsrådet om denna överträdelse, vad kan det då göra när en av dess egna permanenta medlemmar ignorerar ett beslut taget i detta Säkerhetsråd?

3. Kan det vara moraliskt acceptabelt och i enlighet med folkrätten och med FN-stadgan att en medlem i FN unilateralt militariserar en FN-demilitariserad zon? Om det görs i förberedelse för en attack på en annan medlemsstat, kan de då finnas någon omständighet som legitimerar detta?

4. Har Irak – en FN medlemsstat som självfallet aldrig undertecknat ett beslut i Säkerhetsrådet – rättslig eller politisk plikt att foga sig i Säkerhetsrådets beslut om en permanent medlem i rådet som har undertecknat besluten inte själv respekterar dem?

5. Det verkar troligt att en medlemsstat som går in i en FN-demilitariserad zon, med vapen och med avsikt att invadera en annan medlem, utgör ett hot mot internationell fred och säkerhet. Om så är fallet kan generalsekreteraren välja att “göra Säkerhetsrådet uppmärksam på alla frågor som enligt hans åsikt kan hota upprätthållandet av internationell fred och säkerhet.” (Artikel 99 i FN-stadgan). Vad är generalsekreterarens åsikt i detta fall där en medlemsstat gör en beväpnat intrång i en zon som satts upp av organisationen han själv leder?

6. Vilka förpliktelser har FN-medlemmen Kuwait som part gentemot UNIKOM-missionen? Innebär detta att låta USA-trupper gå in via deras sida av den demilitariserade zonen en kränkning av Säkerhetsrådets beslut och UNIKOMs mandat? Om det är så, skall Kuwait fortsätta att erhålla 25% av Iraks oljeinkomster som krigsreparationer om Kuwait, som det verkar, bidrar till förberedelser av internationella aggressioner mot sin granne, Irak?

7. Vad händer om Bagdad uppfattar intrånget i zonen som ännu en ökning av hotet mot Irak och med hänvisning till den naturliga rätten till självförsvar (FN-stadgan Artikel 51) finner det nödvändigt att gå in i zonen från sin sida?

Varför har dessa frågor inte ställts och diskuterats? Har arrogansen i Bushs regim och dess systematiska trots mot internationella överläggningar, normer och lagar och dess “den-starkaste-har-rätt”-politik varit så genomträngande att de inte längre skapar någon debatt?

USA har upprepade gånger påpekat att Irak vid flera tillfällen brutit mot Säkerhetsrådets beslut. USA hävdar att Säkerhetsrådets trovärdighet riskeras när besluten inte backas upp med beslutsamhet eller med maktmedel om så krävs. I detta fall ser det ut som om USA struntar fullkomligt i sin egen

underskrift på Säkerhetsrådets beslut. Vad vi vet har ingen i Sverige uttalat sin oro över de folkrättsliga och/eller politiska implikationer av USA:s ensidiga brott mot FN.

Bakgrund

Följande är utdrag från UNIKOMs webbsida:

“Säkerhetsrådet gav UNIKOM mandat att övervaka den DMZ (DeMilitariserade Zonen) och vattendraget Khwar Abd Allah mellan Irak och Kuwait, för att avskräcka överträdelser vid gränsen, och att observera fientliga handlingar igångsatta i territoriet från en stat mot en annan.

De militära observatörerna i UNIKOM är obeväpnade. Ansvar för upprätthållandet av lag och ordning i DMZ vilar på Iraks och Kuwaits regeringar som upprätthåller polisposteringar i sin respektive del av zonen.Polisen tillåts bara att bära pistoler.

Med sin resolution 806 (1993) utökade Säkerhetsrådet UNIKOMs uppgift att innefatta kapaciteten att ingripa fysiskt för att förhindra eller skapa upprättelse vid: (a) småskaliga kränkningar av DMZ; (b) kränkningar av gränsen mellan Irak och Kuwait, till exempel av civila eller av polisen; och (c) problem som kan uppstå från närvaron av irakiska installationer och irakiska medborgare och deras tillgångar i DMZ på den kuwaitiska sidan av den nyligen demarkerade gränsen. Rådet ökade den auktoriserade styrkan i UNIKOM till 3.645 (tre infanteribataljoner med fordon och stödtrupper)…

Genom att agera under Kapitel VII demonstrerade Säkerhetsrådet att det internationella samfundet skulle agera beslutsamt om Irak försökte attackera Kuwait igen. För att ytterligare ge styrka åt detta kom alla fem permanenta medlemmar i Säkerhetsrådet överens om att tillhandahålla militära observatörer. Det är första gången i en fredsbevarande operation som detta sker.

Den 31 december 2002 fanns det totalt 1.105 uniformerad personal, bestående av 193 militära observatörer och 912 soldater, understödda av 63 internationella civila och 164 lokal civil personal. De kom från 32 länder, bland dem USA, England, Danmark och Sverige.

Här följer en kort rapport från Washington Post, 7 mars 2003, sid A16:

Kränkning av USA trupper rapporterat

Kuwait-Irak Zonen överträdd, säger FN.

Förenta Nationerna, 6 mars – – FN har informerat Säkerhetsrådet att beväpnad amerikansk Marinkår vid upprepade tillfällen har överträtt en FN-övervakad demilitariserad zon längs gränsen mellan Kuwait och Irak, troligtvis kränkande en resolution från 1991 som avslutade Gulfkriget.

FNs fredsbevarande styrkor som övervakar gränsen “rapporterade flertalet kränkningar av den demilitariserade zonen” sedan tisdagen av individer i civila kläder i grupper om fyra fordon, sa FNs talesman Fred Eckhard. Han sade att några av individerna “var beväpnade och identifierade sig som USAs Marinkår.”

FN-styrkan rapporterade också att de sett tre platser som blivit nedmonterade i närheten av ett el-stängsel uppsatt av Kuwait nära den irakiska gränsen. FN tog upp saken med Kuwaits regering och bad att få information om liknande aktiviteter.

En officiell representant för Kuwait sade att FN inte har rätt att rapportera aktiviteter till Säkerhetsrådet utöver beväpnade intrång i den demilitariserade zonen. “Huruvida vi tar ner eller flyttar en stängsel är vår ensak,” sade han.

Det är fortfarande oklart om de angivna aktiviteterna var en del av förberedelserna för ett beväpnat angrepp på Irak. Men rådets tillkännagivande väckte frågor om huruvida en USA-ledd invasion genom den demilitariserade zonen skulle kränka Säkerhetsrådets resolution.

En representant för USAs mission i FN avböjde att kommentera. By Colum Lynch

Här finns en kort rapport från The Miami Herald som ger en bra inblick i den militära situationen på den Irakiska sidan:

© TFF 2003

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