PressInfo #168 – Et FN mandat gør ikke en krig mod Irak mere rigtig

Et FN mandat laver ikke krig til fred.

Regeringer, journalister og kommentatorer, ja selv FN-sympatisører udtrykker for tiden den opfattelse at en krig mod Irak er eller vil være acceptabel, hvis USA og andre “går tilbage” til Sikkerhedsrådet og får et “FN-mandat” før man går til angreb på Irak.

Men det er en vildfarelse, der kunne indebære enden på FN som en fredsorganisation. Hvis man har den opfattelse, at krigen er eller medfører et brud på international ret, så gør et sådant mandat den ikke mere lovlig. Hvis man mener, at krigen er moralsk forkert eller urimelig, så gør et sådant mandat den ikke mere rigtig eller rimelig. Hvis man mener, at krig ikke har noget at skaffe med konfliktløsning, men udgør en aggression, så vil en resolution – der uundgåeligt vil være et resultat af en studehandel mellem de fem permanente sikkerhedsrådsmedlemmer (kernevåbenmagter) og de øvrige 10 medlemmer – ikke gøre krigen til klog politik.

Sikkerhedsrådet har ingen magisk formel eller tryllestav at vifte med for at gøre krig til fred eller menneskelig dårskab til visdom.

En sikkerhedsrådsresolution som godkender krigen er ikke det samme som et “FN-mandat”. Det er svært at tro, at noget der ligner en afstemning i Generalforsamlingen ville resultere i grønt lys for en krig mod Irak. Der er kun en meget begrænset begejstring for denne krig blandt “os, folkene” i verden. Selvom Sikkerhedsrådet selvsikkert skulle beslutte, at det er Højeste Dommer og at Dommens Dag er inde, så vil enhver tale om at “det internationale samfund” står bag krigen med Irak være groft misvisende.

Et mandat er ingen trøst. Hvis der skal være krig vil det være at foretrække, at der ikke findes noget som helst FN-mandat.

Det er som om tanken om et “FN-mandat” får nogen mennesker til at føle sig bedre tilpas med denne krig. Den svenske regering – som eksempel på et land hvis solidaritet med FN, der aldrig har været sat spørgsmålstegn ved – synes at håbe, at den ikke vil blive tvunget til at kritisere USA. Således ville det, hvis der var et sådant FN-mandat, være muligt for Sverige at sige “ja, vi kan ikke lide krig, men denne krig har et FN-mandat, derfor kan vi acceptere den”. Den danske regering, der indtil nytår var formand for EU, har erklæret, at den er parat til at deltage direkte i krigen, hvis der kommer et sådant Sikkerhedsråds-mandat.

Der er to væsentlige argumenter mod et FN-mandat. For det første, uden et sådant mandat vil det være væsentligt sværere for mange medlemsstater at acceptere krigen eller deltage i den. USA vil stå temmelig alene og alene bære det fulde ansvar for en politisk, juridisk og moralsk katastrofe. For det andet vil det redde FN fra at blive trukket ned i det hængedynd, der hedder bombninger, invasion, besættelse og kontrol med Irak, der ikke kan udføres uden brud på folkeretten – for slet ikke at nævne de humanitære følger og resurserne til at genopbygge landet fysisk og psykologisk. Uden et FN-mandat, kan FN sige “ikke i vores navn” og forblive en gyldig fredsorganisation, tro mod ord og ånd i FNs Charter.

For at sige det enkelt, hvis George W. Bush og folkene omkring ham vil ødelægge Irak, må de være alene om det. FN må aldrig lade sig misbruge til at legitimere en medlemsstats krigeriske politik. FN kan næppe overleve flere ydmygelser som dem i Kroatien, Bosnien-Hercegovina, Kosovo, Makedonien, Somalia og Afghanistan.

Den planlagte krig øver vold mod FNcharterets ord og ånd.

Lad os håbe, at krigen mod Irak aldrig får en FN godkendelse. FNs Charter er klart; organisationens højeste formål er at “redde fremtidige generationer fra krigens svøbe”. Og “væbnet magt skal ikke anvendes, undtagen i fælles interesse”. Der er ingen fælles interesse i at gøre, hvad der nu planlægges mod Irak.

Krigen mod Irak har nu varet i 11 år. Siden den 11. september 2001, har Sikkerhedsrådet tabt utroligt i legitimitet på grund af et antal resolutioner, det har vedtaget. Den tragiske nye fortolkning af folkeretten og den måde denne fortolkning føres ud i livet på, har alvorligt undermineret grundlaget for det system, der var skabt til håndtering af internationale konflikter. De principper og konventioner, der var udviklet efter den Westfalske Fred er blevet ødelagt på grund af en paranoid hævnpolitik efter angrebene på Pentagon og World Trade Center.

Siden den 11. september har FN lidt flere skader

Dette tab af legitimitet er naturligvis mere synligt for de 1300 millioner muslimer i verden end for de fleste andre. De er ved at tabe tilliden til en organisation, hvor 80 % af de permanente medlemmer i det højeste organ er kristne lande. Set fra deres udsigtspunkt har 4 af de 5 permanente medlemmer – hvis man skal udtrykke det sådan – kristne bomber og deler det grundlæggende gammeltestamentlige verdensbillede, at “de andre” enten er med os eller imod os og at sidstnævnte kategori skal udryddes, altså et kristent fundamentalistisk korstogs-verdensbillede.

Da FN accepterede at bruge folkeretten og ikke kriminalretten i reaktionerne på 11 september begivenhederne, åbnede organisationen døre, som vil blive (mis)brugt af mange aktører i fremtiden. Op til da blev politiske og voldelige forbrydelser behandlet af politiet og ikke af militæret. Dette skift er meget farligt. USA besluttede og FN accepterede at bruge princippet om “selvforsvar” endda med en forsinkelse på næsten en måned (fra 11 september til 7. oktober). På kriminalrettens område ville dét svare til, at den angrebne undslipper angriberen, finder ham en måned senere og (med en samling venner) udøver sin “selvforsvarsret” helt ude af proportioner med den først begåede forbrydelse.

Bush styret bevæger sig fra MAD til NUTS

(“Mad” = gal, nuts = skør)

FNs sikkerhedsrådsresolutioner om Irak er en endnu mere listig ny fortolkning. Denne gang vil selvforsvarshandlingen blive udført flere år før den angrebne vurderer, at han måske kunne blive ramt – altså forebyggende. Uheldigvis for den filosofi indeholder folkeretten ingen bestemmelse om sådanne forebyggende politikker eller krige. De findes kun i nye strategiske dokumenter fra Bush-regimet. Værre endnu, de indebærer en filosofisk demolering af principperne om afskrækkelse, som sætter USA i stand til at bruge masseødelæggelsesvåben mod lande, som ikke vides at have den slags våben, men som man vurderer kunne komme til at besidde dem en gang i fremtiden.

Kort sagt i stedet for at bevæge os mod en almindelig og fuldstændig afrustning verden over eller afviklingen af alle masseødelæggelsesvåben så bevæger vi os fra Mutualley Assured Destruction (MAD) – gensidig sikret tilintetgørelse – til helt grundlæggende umoralske og destabiliserende Nuclear Use Theories (NUTS) – teorier om anvendelse af kernevåben.

Kidnapningen af Iraks rapport og USAs stadige snusen i Iraks militære hemmeligheder

Trods dens virkelige nytte så udnyttes våbeninspektionsprocessen som et spil af USA. USAs repræsentanter har gjort deres bedste for at provokere og for at finde irakiske brud på Sikkerhedsrådets resolutioner, inklusive resolution 1441. Den nylige amerikanske kidnapning af den 12000 siders rapport, Irak leverede til tiden, er den alvorligste af en lang række aggressive handlinger.

USA kræver at få alt at vide om irakiske militærprogrammer, dog selvfølgelig ikke hvilke amerikanske eller øvrige vestlige foretagender, der har gjort dem mulige. Penge lugter naturligvis ikke, før det kommer åbent frem. I stedet for at demonstrere et raseri, der tvang Bush-regimet på tilbagetog, har de fleste medlemmer accepteret denne grove vold mod FNs anstændighed og integritet.

Colin Powell kom tilbage fra et kort visit i Bogota 4. december, hvor han havde annonceret en kraftig øgning i den amerikanske militærhjælp til Colombia. Colombia var formand i Sikkerhedsrådet i december. Som tak for militærhjælpen lovede Colombia formentlig at lade USA stjæle rapporten og redigere i den, d.v.s. at censurere den.

Kofi Annan kan bruge Artikel 99 og 100 til at redde FN

Trods den alvorlige skade, der allerede er tilføjet FN, er der ingen anden organisation, der kan påtage sig globalt ansvar i den situation vi står i i dag. Irakerne vil ikke lide mindre fordi “der var et FN-mandat”. Et FN-mandat vil kun betyde at FN også vil lide skade, formentlig i en grad så det er uopretteligt. Vestlige lande som bomber muslimske vil kun forstørre hadet til Vesten. Antallet af potentielle selvmordsbombere og terrorangreb må forventes at øges med et hvert militært angreb på uskyldige muslimer. De kan umuligt se FN som en troværdig verdensorganisation.

Giv FN dets status som legitim aktør for “fred med fredelige midler” tilbage. Lad USAs establishment stå alene tilbage som aggressor. FN er allerede blevet tvunget til at lægge navn til og administrere et folkemord på op mod 1 million irakere gennem et sanktionsstyre, som kun USA insisterer på at opretholde.

Vi foretrækker at vor verden køres i overensstemmelse med FNs normer, ikke USAs. Artikel 99 i FNs Charter slår fast, at generalsekretæren kan forelægge Sikkerhedsrådet ethvert emne, som han finder truer opretholdelsen af international sikkerhed og fred. Således står han højt over medlemsregeringerne. Hvis han mener, at en USA-ledet krig mod Irak er en trussel mod verdensfreden, så har han ret til at forelægge det for Sikkerhedsrådet. Artikel 100 slår fast, at generalsekretæren og hans stab ikke skal søge eller modtage instruktioner fra nogen anden autoritet udenfor organisationen.

Hvis generalsekretær Kofi Annan anvender artiklerne 99 og 100 i Charteret vil krigen mod Irak ikke komme. Vil han?

Den amerikanske hale må ikke få lov til at logre med FN hunden

At lade halen (USA) logre med hunden (FN) er moralsk uacceptabelt og strider mod charteret. USA har prøvet og vil igen prøve. Nu er tiden kommet, hvor FN må rejse sig, for det virkeligt internationale samfunds skyld.

Eller vil 2003 i fremtidige generationer huskes som det år, hvor få medlemmer mod det store flertals vilje besluttede at ødelægge FN som en fredsorganisation? Og at de slap fra det, fordi generalsekretæren og de medlemsstater, der ikke ønskede krigen, manglede mod og mandshjerte og gemte sig bag – just det – et FN-mandat?

Oversættelse fra engelsk ved Orla Jordal.

© TFF 2003

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