PressInfo #148 – Hvad om vi havde nærmet os Mellemøsten-konfliktenpå en anden måde?

Når jeg ser rædslerne på Vestbredden og Colin Powels forudsigeligt mislykkede “freds” mission, stiller jeg mig mindst 3 spørgsmål:

a) Lærer vi nogensinde, at se volden selv som det store problem, og at se den som noget, der modvirker enhver fredsløsning?

b) Hvor meget længere skal det være muligt at anvende de metoder til konflikt”løsning”, som har vist sig ødelæggende og i strid med international lov i stort alle tilfælde siden den kolde krigs ophør, ikke mindst på Balkan og senest i Afghanistan? Hvor meget længere kan man undgå at stille spørgsmålet: Har USA, den selvudnævnte mægler, den nødvendige professionelle kunnen, har USA de altruistiske motiver og den upartiskhed, der er nødvendig for at tjene som virkelig mægler?

c) Kan vi lære noget konstruktivt af den tragiske eskalation af volden i Mellemøsten?

Jeg tror vi må udforske “hvad-hvis’erne.” Hvad hvis alle parter havde håndteret konflikten anderledes og brugt en mere professionel metode gennem de sidste årtier?

Israels regering anvender statsterror. Nogle palæstinensiske grupper og enkeltpersoner bruger smågruppeterror. Israels politik bidrager til den palæstinensiske frygt og desperation, som er det stof, man laver selvmordsbombere af, og selvmordsbomberne bidrager til den israelske frygt og desperation, som Sharons regering behøver for sin krig.

Det er en sørgelig lektie, som endnu ikke er lært: vold leder til vold og det hele bygges op i en ond spiral. Sæt vold til en i øvrigt legitim og vanskelig konflikt og straks får den ny dynamik – hvis eneste reelle effekt er at gøre en løsning endnu mere vanskelig. Nogen har det godt med at placere skyld. Vi kan give den ene side skylden den ene dag og den anden den næste dag. Men at skyde skylden på den ene eller den anden side leder ikke til noget.

Logisk set, kan en mislykket fredsproces skyldes: a) en eller flere af de stridende parter, b) mægleren c) den fremgangsmåde, man har valgt. Medierne og mæglerne peger fingre ad den ene eller anden part, parterne peger fingre ad hinanden – det hele tjener kun til at retfærdiggøre en ny runde drab.

Lad os istedet se på sagen punkt for punkt:

Strukturen

Fokus er på Israel/israelerne/jøderne og Palæstina/palæstinenserne/araberne.

Konfliktanalyse

1) Territorium

Man har lagt vægten på territorium, landkort og grænser.

2) Aktørerne

Vægten har været lagt på konflikten mellem israelere og palæstinensere, som om de var homogene grupper der stod overfor hinanden.

3) Klasser og menneskelige ressourcer for konfliktløsning

Man har lagt vægten på ledere, de folk der havde magten både for så vidt angår konflikten i sig, og for så vidt angår volden og forhandlingsprocesserne. Opmærksomheden samles om den gamle generation og om mænd (Sharon 74, Arafat 73).

Hvad om man havde fokuseret på den uskyldige ungdom, den fremtidige generation, hvis liv bliver ødelagt ?

Hvad om vi havde arbejdet meget mere med kvinder, som altid er dem, der bærer det civile samfund i krisetider?

4) Volden

Vægten har været lagt på vold, krig, våben og terror. Det har gjort dem, der bruger vold, magtfulde og berømte.

Hvad hvis vi havde lyttet mere til militærnægterne og refuseniks end til krigsherrer og terrorister på begge sider ?

Hvad, hvis medierne havde fortalt os meget mere om viljen til fred og grupper som “Seeds of Peace”?

5) De grundlæggende årsager

Det internationale samfund taler om, at først må volden standses og der må være en våbenstilstand inden man vil hjælpe parterne med at finde en politisk løsning.

Hvad, hvis nogen spurgte, om det er klogt at give parterne, Israel især, alle disse våben og tale om at de fremmer “sikkerhed” og “stabilitet”?

6) Traumer og lidelse

Traumer og lidelser, historisk vigtige for begge sider, har man helt overset. Hjertets og sjælens sår har fået meget mindre opmærksomhed end de kroppe, der er såret og blir transporteret væk i ambulancer.

Hvad, hvis vi havde insisteret på samme ret for alle, såsom retten til at vende tilbage ikke kun for jøder, men også for palæstinensere?

Hvad, hvis nogen havde sagt undskyld for den kendsgerning, at europæerne og det internationale samfund også historisk set er skyldige?

Hvad, hvis vi som følge heraf havde respekteret parternes klager, synspunkter, følelser og håb for fremtiden istedet for at pådutte dem vore egne “freds”planer?

Hvad, hvis vi havde lagt mærke til det, der stod med småt og den psyko-kulturelle sammenhæng og ikke kun politiske positioner, planer, magtspil og diplomaternes spil?

Hvad, hvis vestlige lande hele vejen igennem havde været mere ydmyge, lyttet bedre og i mindre grad havde haft travlt med at tjene egne interesser?

7) Magtforholdet parterne imellem

I almindelighed behandler de store medier konflikten som symmetrisk. Se, siger de, palæstinenserne er også stærke, de har våben og bruger selvmordsbombere.

Hvad, hvis vi til dét lagde økonomisk magt og kontrollen over dyrkbar jord og vand?

Hvis vi gjorde det, ville vi se en asymmetrisk konflikt. Dette er vigtigt, fordi enhver med blot lille viden om konflikter og mægling ved, at asymmetriske og symmetriske konflikter skal behandles forskelligt.

I to følgende Pressinfos behandler vi a) spørgsmålet om hvad, hvis vi havde udarbejdet en anderledes mæglings- og fredsproces og b) hvad, hvis vi ændrede krig/fred cyklus og bevægede os fra militarisering af konflikter til deres afmilitarisering.

Oversættelse fra engelske ved Orla Jordal

Engelsk version af denne PressInfo

© TFF 2002

PhD, Peace & future researcher + ‌Art Photographer, Professor Emeritus and media commentator

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