Om Thom Hartmanns “The Last Hours of Ancient Sunlight”

 Av

Tyko Granberger*

6:e juli, 2005

Thom Hartmann
The Last Hours of Ancient Sunlight
Hodder & Stoughton General Division
256 sider
Pocketpris: 144:-
ISBN: 0340822430

Ej översatt till svenska

“Möjligheten att förändra ligger enligt Hartmann inte i utopins periferi utan genom en djup historisk förståelse av hur våra tankar besmittats med ett hat mot “de andra”. Vägen ur denna onda cirkel ser Hartmann i en icke-våldsam återknytning till de uråldriga idéer som band oss samman med naturen och med varandra, solskenet. Solskenet är det som binder oss samman men vårt utnyttjande av solskenet är också den mest grundläggande orsaken till vår destruktiva nutida kultur. Hartmannbetonar därför att det är enbart genom en förståelse för detta paradoxala orsakssammanhang som vi kan hitta en hållbar framtid.”

Det som gör Hartmanns läsning så betydande är att han går djupare än den externa analysen av vår historia. Med en genealogisk och psykologisk vinkel betonar han hur vår mänskliga kultur berörts av ett antal externa faktorer som sedermera slipat hela vårt samhälles grundpelare. Det är bara genom att analysera detta kulturella arv som vi kan förstå varför dagens ojämlikhet, fattigdom och förstörelse tillåts ske samt vad vi kan göra för att förändra till något bättre.

Hur länge har vi förstört vår natur och oss själva? När gick det fel? Vad gick fel, vad kan vi göra åt det? Dessa fundamentala frågor ställer och besvarar Thom Hartmann i sin bok “The last hours of ancient sunlight”.

När gick det fel? Hartmann beskriver avgörande skeenden i mänsklighetens historia och skildrar dem utifrån tanken om solsken. Solskenet sammanlänkar alla levande varelser och vi är alla skapta och helt beroende av det. Vi tas med på en resa 40.000 år tillbaka i tiden. Från den tid när vi människor genom boskapsskötsel lärde oss att använda mer solsken än andra arter, till jordbruksrevolutionen för 10.000 år sedan. Jordbruket som ökade jordens befolkning från en miljon 8000 BC till 250 miljoner år noll. Men trots befolkningsaccelerationen använde vi i stort sett lika mycket solsken som sken på jorden per år vid Kristus födelse. Detta får vi veta ändrades när vi under medeltiden hittade en ny källa av bevarat uråldrigt solsken, kol.

Kolet minskade vårt beroendet av träd som uppvärmning vilket öppnande upp för en ny jordbruksrevolution. När vi under 1800-talet översteg en miljard människor konsumerade vi för första gången i människans historia mer solsken genom värme, mat och andra material än vad som dagligen föll lokalt på vår planet. 1859 i samband med den första riktiga oljeboomen i Titus-Ville, Pennsylvania exploderade vår matproduktion och dito vår befolkning. Det tog oss 200.000 år eller mer att producera vår första miljard, 130 år att producera den andra och 30 år att producera den tredje.

Vad gick fel? Med olje- och kolanvändningen ökade våra ingrepp på naturen dramatiskt. Hartmann diskuterar och lyfter fram avverkningen av skog, den minskade tillgången på färskvatten, ökenspridningen, artutrotningen och klimatförändringarna på ett mycket förtjänstfullt sätt. Han skrämmer oss rejält med ett omfattande axplock av mer eller mindre uppmärksammad statistik. Att nittionio procent av all modersmjölk i USA innehåller spårbara mängder av bekämpningsmedlet DDT tillhör med visshet den sistnämnda gruppens data.

Utnyttjandet av uråldrigt solksken och dess maktpotential har smittat av sig på vår kultur. Från det sumeriska imperiet till dagens statsstater har slaveriet och utnyttjandet av de utsattas och svagas solsken varit historiskt återkommande drag. Under ca 7000 år har det tillåtits ske, men ej dessförinnan. Dominans ligger alltså inte i vår mänskliga natur utan i vår kultur; genom vår kollektiva uppfattning av hur saker har varit, är och kommer att vara. Hartmann noterar till exempel att slaveriets avskaffande i USA sammanföll med tillkomsten av olja.

Hartmann ställer sedan den retoriska frågan om vår kultur såsom den ser ut i en stor del av den “utvecklade” världen i dag är den bäst tänkbara. Med en genomgående socialpsykologisk och kulturell utläggning om vår ökade depression, våldsanvändning och intoxikation genom alkohol, droger och TV besvaras den med ett rungande nej. Den grundläggande frånkopplingen från naturen: en uppdelning i “vi och dom” har lagt grunden för de etniska konflikter och den rasism och som under 1900-talet genomsyrat vår historieskrivning.

Hartmann betonar därefter att alla andra imperier: mesopotamierna, grekerna, romarna, hunnerna, ottomanerna, inkas, aztekerna gått i graven för att de inte varit hållbara; de har använt mer resurser än de hade. När det uråldriga solskenet (oljan) tar slut kommer vi i den rika världen att gå mot en dramatiskt minskad levnadsstandard om inte vi inte förändrar vår kultur; om vi inte ändrar vårt tänkande och våra prioriteringar. Annars står vi i väst utan vår grundläggande bränslekälla med en besmittad kultur att hantera en stundande konkurrens. Den svält och den konfliktepidemi som vi ser i de fattiga delarna av världen kommer då påverka oss mycket mer direkt, försäkrar Hartmann.

Vad kan vi göra? En ändringen av vår kultur kan emellertid inte ske genom revolution mot det rådande systemet. Som historien påvisat förstärker revolutionen enbart “vi och dem” tänkandet och ersätter en dominerande kultur med en annan. Istället är det när vi i våra tankar och idéer frångår makt och fokuserar på samarbete som vi skapar värdefulla synergieffekter. Synergieffekter som ligger till grund för ett motstånd mot den rådande kulturen. Människorättsrörelsen, kvinnorörelsen, miljörörelsen, djurrättsrörelsen är exempel på sådana positiva historiska avtryck.

Hartmann vill få oss att återanknyta till den visdom som fortfarande upplevs bland de stamfolk som ännu inte besmittats av våra negativa kulturella drag. Det är inte en tillbakagång till ett “primitivt” stamsamhälle han förespråkar. Hartmann vill ha en seriös utredning om varför människor i små grupper kan leva hållbart i hundratusentals år medan emperier går under efter bara något millennium. Han understryker att vi måste lyssna på de som överlevt för att själva överleva. De som spenderar 15 timmar i veckan på att samla mat och andra nödvändigheter och resten på att umgås och bygga relationer. De som inte har ett ord för krig i sitt vokabulär. De som ser det som en omoralisk handling att äta inför en annan människa som är hungrig. De som ser ledarskap som ett åtagande inte en kanal för makt och rikedom.

På ett lättläst men mycket genomläsande sätt överlämnar Hartmann svaren på våra innersta frågor till oss och öppnar upp många slutna rum för inspektion. Han styrka ligger i hans simultant breda och djupa tankesätt vilket gör att hans bok kan läsas av elever i skolan såväl som politiker och akademiker.

Hartmanns bok är ett lysande projekt i självkännedom.

Tyko Granberger

* Projektledare Rädda Barnen och TFF frivillig. MA (Master of International Relations and Asian Politics vid Australian Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Queensland).

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