Susan Sonntags essäbok om krigsbildens historia och vår tids massmediala bilder av lidande är originell och djupt tankeväckande, menar Sören Sommelius.

Bok: REGARDING THE PAIN OF OTHERS
Av: Susan Sonntag
Hamish Hamilton/Penguin, London 2003

I vår massmediala tidhar bilder från krig blivit en del av människors normala vardag, särskilt via televisionens nyhetsbilder. Liksom all annan information silas och väljs de bilder och filmer som till slut visas, i många led. I USA har många bolag till exempel till policy att aldrig visa bilder av sårade amerikanska soldater. Men också svenska redaktioner gör (oftast nödvändiga) inskränkningar i det våld som visas, för att undvika spektakulära och alltför vidriga bilder.

Ändå har våldet i medierna trappats upp, kanske inte minst därför att vi via den kommersiella filmen blivit tillvanda. Brutalt krigsvåld har via televisionen blivit vanligt i vardagen.

Krigets bilder påverkar opinioner. Bilderna från Vietnamkriget väckte en antikrigsrörelse som till slut bidrog till att stoppa kriget. Dagens politiska makthavare är medvetna om det och försöker på alla vis kontrollera flödet av bilder och information.

I en ny essäbok, “Regarding the Pain of Others” (Om att betrakta andras smärta) diskuterar den amerikanska författaren Susan Sonntag insiktsfullt frågor som relaterar till mina inledande resonemang.

Boken har väckt berättigad internationell uppmärksamhet och belönades i dagarna med den tyska bokhandelns prestigefyllda fredspris vid Bokmässan i Frankfurt. Det skulle förvåna mig om den inte snart finns också på svenska.

Sonntag utgår frånen text av Virginia Woolf skriven 1938, med reflexioner om krigets (manliga) natur i en tid av växande krigshysteri. Woolf menade att en utbildad medelklasskvinna ingenting kan veta om krig, annat än vad hon ser i medierna. Det var då främst bilderna från det spanska inbördeskriget hon syftade på.

Vet vi mer om krig i dag? Nej egentligen inte, trots alla bilder och filmer.

Susan Sonntag går igenom alla de sätt bilder kan manipuleras på. Vi ser en bild på döda kroppar från Bosnien. Vilken etnisk grupp tillhör de döda? Vilka är skyldiga? Allt beror på bildtexten, som påverkar vårt sätt att uppfatta bilden. Men vem har skrivit bildtexten och i vilket syfte? För vem arbetade fotografen? Vem valde ut just den bilden?

På omslaget till Sonntags bok finns en etsning från Goyas kända serie “Krigets katastrofer”. En soldat betraktar med förvåning och fasa en hängd mans lik. Under en annan bild har Goya skrivit, “detta har jag sett”. Och under en annan åter, “detta är sanningen”.

Goyas bilder är sammanfattningar av saker som verkligen skett, mera än exakta återgivningar av en enskild händelse. Det ligger i deras natur. En fotografisk bild eller filmruta har annorlunda anspråk, “just detta hände”, “detta är sanningen”. Om Goyas bilder ville avslöja krigets fasor så har den moderna krigsfotografin syftet att visa fram den enskilda kusliga händelsen, “detta skedde”.

Och ändå är det sannerligen inte så enkelt. Med den digitala fotografins genombrott och dataprogram som Photoshop har den fotografiska bilden mist sin tidigare givna autencitet.

Men frågan är om det var bättre förr. En av fotohistoriens mest kända krigsbilder, Robert Capas på en soldat som stupar i spanska inbördeskriget, fotograferad i dödsögonblicket, är av allt att döma arrangerad. Ändå är den sann i Goyas mening. Men inte som fotografi.

Under de senaste decenniernahar bilderna från kriget kontrollerats allt hårdare av de krigförande parterna och särskilt av USA. Under det första golfkriget 1991 lanserades bilden av kriget som ett högteknologiskt precisionsspel. Innebörden av dem var också att visa fram USA:s totala militära överlägsenhet. Vad de amerikanska TV-tittarna däremot inte fick se var ohyggliga bilderna på tusentals flyende unga irakiska värnpliktiga som massakrerats i öknen och sedan grävdes ner av amerikanska bulldozers. Händelsen beskrevs av en amerikansk officer som “kalkonjakt”. NBC hade bilder ˆ men avstod från att visa dem.

Under bombningarna av Afghanistan 2001 fick omvärlden nästan inte se några bilder alls av bombernas effekter. Den amerikanska militärledningen köpte också upp alla de civila satellitbilder, som hade kunnat ge en aning om vad som skedde på marken under bombmattorna.

Under årets Irakkrig bjöds journalister in att följa med de framryckande amerikanska trupperna som “inbäddade” reportrar. Dessa arbetade självklart på militärens villkor. De bilder som inbäddade fotografer tog fyllde medierna, men gav hårt vinklade ˆ för att inte säga ensidiga ˆ bilder av kriget.

Sonntag diskuterar synenpå att vi lever i en åskådarkultur, där varje händelse måste få en dramaturgi för att fånga vårt intresse och där människor också strävar efter att bli bilder, kändisar, celebriteter. Har verkligheten abdikerat?

Nej, menar Susan Sonntag, och avfärdar tänkare som Jean Baudrillard och andra, det där synsättet är provinsiellt. En liten utbildad publik i den rika världen upplever nyheter som underhållning och spektakel. I förlängningen leder synsättet till cynism.

Med vår tids ström av bilder förändras den enskilda bildens genomslagskraft. Ändå har det funnits och kommer att finnas bilder som blir emblematiska, som ingår i vårt kollektiva medvetande. Ett exempel är bilden på den lille pojken i Warszawas ghetto 1943. Men det samma gäller också Fritiof Capras ovan nämnda bild, oavsett dess tillkomsthistoria. Många historiska bilder står i dag som historiska “bevis” – även om vi vet eller kan gissa att de är arrangerade.

Susan Sonntag rör sig kunnigt genom fotografiets historia. Hennes bok behandlar originellt många aspekter på “lidandets ikonografi”, och då framförallt krigsbildens historia.

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