I det mörkaste Peru 6
Reflexioner från en resa

Detta är den sjätte och avslutande artikeln i serien.

Är förändring möjlig? Kan just jag göra något?

Under två år på 80-talet arbetade Margareta Gustafsson från Helsingborg med utvecklingsstörda barn i Lima. Hon var utsänd som volontär och satsade sitt arbete på att hjälpa en grupp av de allra mest utsatta.

I Peru har det inte funnits insatser för utvecklingsstörda. Regeln har varit att föräldrarna svarade för vården av sitt eget barn och att något syskon tog över den dag föräldrarna inte orkade eller dog.

För föräldralösa utvecklingsstörda barn fanns bara ett alternativ, mentalsjukhusets inspärrning.

Det stora mentalsjukhuset i Lima är en sluten värld bakom kilometerlånga murar. Det var där Margareta arbetade. Hon minns hur något av barnen, som var autistiskt, bara stod tröstlöst vaggande i en korridor dag efter dag.

Femton år senare är allt förändrat. När Margareta kom tillbaka till Sverige bildade hon en förening, samlade år efter år in pengar som sändes till Lima och fick så småningom också SIDA engagerat.

Genom de svenska bidragen har ungdomarnas värld förändras totalt. Man har köpt ett eget hus till dem i ett “bra” och lugnt område. Där lever de nu som en familj, en har ett halvdagsarbete, de andra går varje dag i en pedagogiskt bra skola för första gången i sitt liv.

Men Juans rullstol är trasig och ibland saknas pengar till hemmets telefon eller till medicin.

Ändå är Hemmet &endash; Casa Hogar &endash; ett konkret exempel på ett bra biståndsprojekt, om än i mycket liten skala och med hittills liten eller ingen spridningseffekt.

Vi firar Paulinas födelsedag. Hon fyller nog 35 men vet inte så noga själv.

När vi går ut ur huset kommer två av kvarterets damer. Paulina berättar glädjestrålande att hon fyllt år men svarar blygt att hon inte vet vad hon fyller.

&endash; Jag brukar också säga att jag inte riktigt vet hur gammal jag är, ler den äldre av damerna.

Lima rymmer allt. I staden med lika många invånare som i hela Sverige finns utbredd slum men också modernitet och rikedom.

Det moderna Lima finns i Miraflores, Perus utsträckta hand mot den globaliserade ekonomin, med skyskrapeliknande höghus av glas och stål, banker mest och hotell, en enklav av rikedom.

När jag sitter på Café Haitis uteservering med en tortilla verdura och en Qusqueña-öl utbjuder en försäljare färska utländska tidningar och jag faller för frestelsen och köper New York Herald Tribune. Medan jag läser den lyssnar jag på italiensk cafémusik, Arrividerci Roma och Volare.

Sedan hamnar jag i Parque Centrale alldeles bredvid rondellen Ovalo som är Miraflores nav. I parken firar söta skolungar i uniform “trädens dag”. Man hänger upp ballonger och små skyltar med trädkramartexter. En tremannaorkester på styltor dansar i förväg.

Kravallpoliser har spärrat av Plaza Mayor. Bara genom att visa legitimation får jag passera och kan slinka in på Café Union. Stämningen är obehaglig. Poliserna är rustade till tänderna med vapen, hjälmar och kroppshöga genomskinliga sköldar.

Än obehagligare blir det därför att det i Venezuela, sannolikt med amerikanskt stöd, nyligen genomfördes en kupp, som störtade den folkvalde presidenten och gjorde slut på nästan femtio års obruten demokrati, låt vara att presidenten genom en motkupp återtagit makten.

Till slut förstår jag att det här i Lima nog enbart handlat om att president Toledo besökt parlamentet och talat.

Det solgula Franciscanerklostret ligger bakom katedralen. Under klostret finns katakomber med benrester från 25.000 människor från Limas första tid på 1500-talet, innan staden hade kyrkogårdar.

Jag skulle velat veva tiden baklänges och fått liv i skeletten och frågat de nu döda men då återupplivade hur de kom hit, vad som drev dem till den långa färden från Spanien till Peru. Jag skulle bett dem berätta om sina liv och om vad som föregick deras död, om kolonialismens födelse.

Människans drivkrafter intresserar mig. Ur drivkrafterna uppstår ekonomin, tekniken och politiken, allt det som formar historiens korta och långa maktrelationer i ständig förändring.

Statistiken ger inblickar i de senaste decenniernas utveckling. 1970 födde kvinnorna i Peru i genomsnitt 6,2 barn, 1995 bara 3,1. Jordreformer har minskat de stora haciendornas och godsägarnas makt.

1960 började 57 procent av barnen skolan, &endash; trettio år senare 84 procent. Läskunnigheten har stigit till 87 procent.

Men ojämlikhet och fattigdom ökar. Och de fattiga är outbildade quechua-talande bönder. Industrin är dåligt utvecklad. Och på världsmarknaden klarar sig Peru illa. President Toledo vill satsa på turismen. Men räcker det om tre miljoner (målet om tio år) i stället för dagens en miljon turister kommer hit?

Är förändring möjlig? Perus villkor bestäms mest av allt av världsordningen och den globaliserade ekonomins monopolspel, ett system som skapar välstånd åt några och fattigdom åt fler.

Det behövde inte vara så.

Fotnot: Statistiska uppgifter ur John Sheahan: Searching for a Better Society. The Peruvian Economy from 1950. (The Pennysylvania State University Press 1999).

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