Norges rolle under Sikkerhetsrådets behandling av Irak-spørsmålet

Af Professor dr.juris Ståle Eskeland

NORGES FREDSRÅD
Norwegian Peace Alliance
Member of the International Peace Bureau, 
IPB

25 oktober 2002

New York, 16. oktober 2002

Utenriksminister Jan Petersen

Oslo

I egenskap av Norges Fredsråds observatør i den norske delegasjon ved FNs 57. generalforsamling, i dagene 8. – 18. oktober 2002, vil jeg gjerne få takke for den store innsats den norske FN-ambassaden gjør for at alle tilreisende delegater og observatører får best mulig utbytte av oppholdet ved FN.

Jeg har i de senere år arbeidet mye med folkerettslige spørsmål som gjelder krig, fred og FNs rolle. Iraks mulige besittelse av masseødeleggelsesvåpen (det er i øyeblikket uvisst om Irak har masseødeleggelsesvåpen) og mulig bruk av dem, skal drøftes i en ekstraordinært møte Sikkerhetsrådet onsdag den 16. og torsdag den 17. oktober 2002.

Forslag til resolusjon som mer eller mindre klart autoriserer USA til å gå til militært angrep på Irak vil trolig om kort tid bli lagt fram i Sikkerhetsrådet. Forutsatt at ingen av de faste medlemmene nedlegger veto, kan Norges holdning og stemmegivning bli avgjørende for utfallet av avstemningen. Under enhver omstendighet vil Norges håndtering av saken kunne ha stor betydning for FNs rolle når det gjelder fredelig løsning av internasjonale konflikter i fremtiden. I den forbindelse tillater jeg meg, på vegne av Norges Fredsråd, å peke på følgende:

1. Norge har et selvstendig ansvar for at vedtak fattet i Sikkerhetsrådet er i samsvar med FN-pakten. Det overordnede prinsipp er at konflikter mellom stater skal løses ved fredelige midler, så langt råd er. Angrepskrig er forbudt (FN-paktens artikkel 2 nr. 4). En stat kan bare bruke militær makt mot en annen stat i selvforsvar (FN-paktens artikkel 51). For øvrig er bruk av militær makt en eksklusiv rett for Sikkerhetsrådet (FN-paktens artikkel 42). Disse reglene regulerer bruk av militær makt uttømmende.

2. Irak har ikke angrepet USA eller amerikanske interesser. Det foreligger ingen opplysninger som kan tolkes slik at et angrep er nært forestående. I en slik situasjon foreligger derfor ikke betingelsene for å utøve militært selvforsvar.

3. Den mulighet at Irak har, eller er i ferd med å utvikle, masseødeleggelsesvåpen, gir ikke USA folkerettslig grunnlag for å angripe Irak. Det samme gjelder dersom det hadde vært på det rene at Irak har masseødeleggelsesvåpen.

4. Sikkerhetsrådet kan treffe vedtak om bruk av militær makt mot Irak hvis, og bare hvis, den internasjonale fred og sikkerhet er truet (FN-paktens artikkel 39, jfr. artikkel 42). Norge må, gjennom sin stemmegivning, ta stilling til om dette vilkåret for bruk av militær makt er oppfylt.

5. Hvis Sikkerhetsrådet skulle treffe vedtak om at den internasjonale fred og sikkerhet er truet, følger ikke derav at det berettiger USA til å gå til militært angrep på Irak. USA kan bare gå til militært angrep på Irak hvis Sikkerhetsrådet i en slik situasjon bestemmer det.

6. Det er på det rene at USA vil forsøke å få flertall for (og unngå at ett eller flere faste medlemmer nedlegger veto mot) et vedtak i Sikkerhetsrådet som gir USA mulighet for å fortolke det slik at det gir USA rett til å gå til militært angrep på Irak hvis president George W. Bush gir ordre om det, uten at saken på nytt har vært oppe i Sikkerhetsrådet. (Kongressen ga som kjent i forrige uke Bush rett til selv å avgjøre om Irak skal angripes, uten at saken igjen må opp i Kongressen.) Hvis USA lykkes med denne strategien, vil det innebære at Sikkerhetsrådet delegerer til USA å avgjøre om det skal rettes et militært angrep mot Irak. Det vil i så fall være i strid med FN-paktens artikler 39 og 42, uansett hvor presist utformet et vedtak måtte være. Norge må, med andre ord, gjøre det klart for og i Sikkerhetsrådet, at Sikkerhetsrådet er folkerettslig avskåret fra å delegere sin eksklusive kompetanse til å avgjøre om, og i tilfelle på hvilke vilkår, det skal brukes militær makt mot Irak.

7. Det er selvsagt at Norge må basere sin utenrikspolitikk og stemmegivning i FN på trygg folkerettslig grunn. I den foreliggende situasjon er det fare for at USA, med støtte av enkelte andre land, vil handle i strid med FN-pakten og/eller få flertall i Sikkerhetsrådet for vedtak i strid med FN-pakten. Norge har et særlig ansvar for, fordi vi er medlem av Sikkerhetsrådet, å sikre at Irak- spørsmålet behandles i samsvar med FN-pakten.

8. I mer enn 50 år har FN-pakten, med solid forankring i folkerett utviklet i hele det 20. århundre, vært grunnleggende i arbeidet for å sikre fred i verden. FN-pakten legger ansvaret for verdensfreden til FN. Ingen stat,heller ikke verdens mektigste stat for tiden, USA, har rett til bryte folkeretten, fordi den anser det for å være i dens egen interesse eller fordi den anser det for å være best for hele verden. Skjer det ved at USA går til angrep på Irak uten klart FN-mandat, er det en trussel mot FN selv.

9. Din forgjenger, utenriksminister Halvard Lange, sa en gang at norsk utenrikspolitikk alltid måtte la hensynet til FN komme foran alle andre hensyn. Det er et råd det er all grunn til å lytte til i dag også.

Jeg ønsker deg alt godt i ditt vanskelige og viktige arbeid for freden.

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