NATOs Kosovo-tragedi kommer att slå tillbaka på Europa

TV-bilderna från provisoriska flyktingläger i Makedonien och Albanien slår med chockerande kraft in i människors vardagsrum, också i Västeuropa och USA. Alltfler börjar försiktigt tala om risken för ett tredje världskrig.

Vi ser de flyende människorna vid gränsstationerna. Men rapporterna om det som skett och sker inne i Kosovo är ännu ytterst knapphändiga. USA och Nato vet förstås med hjälp av bilder från spionsatelliterna. Men de bilderna är hemligstämplade. Hela sanningen om detta vidriga krigs omfattning lär vi få vänta på. Flyktingkatastrofen har fått EU att anslå över två miljarder till hjälpåtgärder. Natos militära insatser har hittills kostat betydligt mer än så, räknat i dollar.

Om västvärlden i stället för att bomba anslagit fem miljarder kronor till åtgärder för att stärka demokrati, garantera mänskliga rättigheter och initiera ekonomisk utveckling för alla folkgrupper i det fattiga Kosovo, då kunde man ha åstadkommit under.

Men den sortens ekvationer ställer ingen upp. Krigets matematik räknar bara med våld och mera våld. 

Hur kunde detta ske?

Kjell Magnusson redogjorde föredomligt för de interna konflikterna i Jugoslavien/Serbien/Kosovo i sin artikel i onsdagens DN (7.4).

Vi skulle ytterligare vilja beröra särskilt hur omvärlden agerat gentemot Kosovo och Jugoslavien.

Vid konflikter som den i Kosovo borde alla yttre aktörer diskutera vad som kan göras för att lindra konflikten ˆ och vad som bör undvikas om man inte vill förvärra den. Har Nato, med USA som främsta pådrivande kraft, bedrivit kompetent konflikthantering?

Har EU, OSSE eller ens den svenska regeringen agerat kompetent ur ett konfliktperspektiv?

Nej.

Bombningarna är resultatet av extremt dålig konflikthantering. Nato har på punkt efter punkt motverkat det man sagt sig vilja åstadkomma, nämligen att avvärja en humanitär katastrof, bidra till fred och stabilitet i Europa och få Jugoslavien att underteckna det så kallade fredsavtalet från Paris. 

Förhållandena i Kosovo har varit akuta under hela 90-talet. Under en följd av år mötte kosovoalbanerna nationalistisk terror och människorättskränkningar med icke-våld. När skolor och sjukhus stängdes för albaner startade man egna underjordiska alternativ ˆ i hopp om att omvärlden skulle stödja icke-våldslösningar.

I stället kom Daytonavtalet i november 1995, utan ett ord om Kosovo. Jugoslavien erkändes därefter diplomatiskt våren 1996 av det internationella samfundet, med Kosovo inom sina gränser. Därmed stärktes den albanska uppgivenheten. Halva den albanska befolkningen är under 22 år och har bara upplevt en gradvis urartning av de sociala förhållandena i Kosovo. Under 1998 övergick den 1993 bildade UCK-gerillans aktioner i direkt krig, som bemöttes med brutal repression.

Daytonavtalet ledde alltså till att konflikten i Kosovo förvärrades. 

Nästa dåliga konflikthantering följde på Richard Holbrookes förhandlingar i oktober 1998. På amerikanskt vis försökte supermedlaren snabbt fixa fred i Kosovo. Avtal slöts med Milosevic. Serbiska trupper drogs tillbaka. UCK utnyttjade situationen och kontrollerade vid årsskiftet 1998 ˆ 1999 större delar (cirka 30 procent) av Kosovo än någon gång innan.

En rimlig konflikthantering hade varit krav på UCK att inte avancera. Carl Bildt föreslog till exempel att internationella trupper skulle kontrollera gränsen mellan Kosovo och Albanien för att inte gerillan skulle få förstärkningar den vägen. Men ingenting gjordes. Ett märkligt fördrag innebar vapenvila enbart med ena parten.

För att hantera konflikten med prioritering av civilbefolkningens säkerhet borde omvärlden satt press på båda parter. I stället lierade sig särskilt USA i realiteten med gerillan.

När den serbiska sidan ˆ ytterst förutsägbart ˆ i januari slog tillbaka mot UCK inträffade massakern i Racak som blev utgångspunkt för det som sedan skedde.

Tyvärr är Racak-massakern knappast fullständigt utredd. William Walker, den amerikanske chefen för OSSE (utan erfarenheter av konfliktlösning) gick ut med kategoriska påståenden om det inträffade på ett sätt som ledde till konfrontation. Det hela blev för alla inblandade parter mera en fråga om prestige än om sanning. Den finska gruppen obducenter kom efter mycket lång tid under ytterst pressade omständigheter med sitt utlåtande ˆ där det alls inte går att utesluta politiska påtryckningar.

Under tiden drev Nato skenförhandlingar under hot i Rambouillet och övertalade ena parten att skriva under ˆ uppenbarligen för att legitimera följande bombningar. Som Kjell Magnusson och TFF påpekat är Rambouilletavtalet formulerat på ett sådant sätt att ingen självständig stat skulle ha kunnat skriva under det. Genom att låta den albanska sidan (dominerad av UCK som helst av allt önskade Nato-bombningar) skriva under omöjliggjordes fortsatta modifierande verkliga förhandlingar.

I stället började Nato bomba och serbiska enheter gick härjande in i Kosovo. 

Civilbefolkningens katastrofala situation i dag är en följd av Natos bombningar som är ett flagrant exempel på extremt dålig konflikthantering, detta sagt utan att förringa Belgradregimens ansvar.

Albanerna flyr av tre skäl. Serber driver ut albanerna eftersom de uppfattar Natos bombningar som ett resultat av albansk politik, därför att det är fullt krig och därför att Nato bombar.

Alla som var något så när insatta i förhållandena i regionen visste att bombningar skulle skapa en humanitär katastrof. Organiserade och paramilitära hämndåtgärder vare ytterst förutsägbara. Det visste man förstås också inom Nato. Ändå valde man att bomba.

Veckan innan OSSE-verifikatörerna evakuerade började man från både serbisk sida och från UCK-gerillan att begränsa observatörernas rörelsefrihet. Och själva uttågsdagen intensifierades striderna våldsamt. Stora serbiska styrkor fördes in i Kosovo för att med militär logik så snabbt som möjligt krossa gerillan, vilket för många innebar också att bränna byar och fördriva och mörda civila. 

Bombningarna har stärkt den Milosevic-regim man sagt sig vilja knäcka. I skydd av bomberna har radiostationen B 92 tystats, demokratirörelsens röst i Serbien.

Värst av allt är att USA under hela det senaste året genom stöd åt gerillan UCK nu utmanövrerat de moderata albaner med Ibrahim Rugova i spetsen som under många år pragmatiskt stått för icke-våld och humanism i Kosovo. I regionens helt nya politiska ledning har de ersatts av mera hårdföra UCK-ledare . Det hette att man ville motverka risken för spridning av kriget. Resultatet har blivit det motsatta. Montenegro står på randen av inbördeskrig. Makedoniens kollaps kan påskyndas av det som sker, med tanke på landets växande interna problem. UCK hade länge ett Storalbanien som mål, omfattande också de albanska områdena i Makedonien. Vi menar att det förmodligen nu pågår rekrytering till UCK i flyktinglägren och att USA vill använda sin från Kroatien och Bosnien beprövade strategi. I stället för att sända egna trupper utbildar och utrustar man sina “vänner” och låter dem själva döda(s) för sin sak. Detta gäller i synnerhet nu då det blir svårt att få ihop tiotusentals Natosoldater för ett långvarigt markkrig följt av kanske tjugo års protektorat. 

Bombningarna genomförs i strid mot både FN:s och Natos stadga, där utgångspunkten är FNs princip om fred med fredliga medel. Oräkneligt många civila och kreativa insatser kunde ha gjorts för att förebygga våld och krig i Kosovo. TFF har pekat på många sedan 1992 och skapat den enda dialogen mellan parterna på både ledarnivå och NGO-nivå.

Fredsinsatser hade kostat en bråkdel av de miljarder som krigsinsatserna nu kostar. Ingen – inte heller Sverige – tog några självständiga initiativ. Sverige la sig bakom EU och USA och bidrog därmed till ännu en spik i FN:s likkista.

Fred betyder nu krig. Men krig kommer inte att leda till fred.

Efter två veckor av politisk, moralisk och fysisk förstörelse har villkoren för serbers och albaners framtid på Balkan dramatiskt försämrats.

Händelserna på Balkan slår tillbaka. USA:s ledarskap påverkas. EU:s “säkerhetsstrukturer” är i ruiner. OSSE, FN och Nato skulle garantera fred. Men vad ska vi tro efter detta?

Civilbefolkningen i ett av Europas fattigaste områden får betala priset.

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