När soldaternas vapenvila hotade generalernas krig

Kanske var vapenvilan under juldagarna 1914 en av 1900-talets potentiellt viktigaste händelser skriver den amerikanske historikern Stanley Weintraub. Sören Sommelius har läst en infallsrik och tänkvärd bok om en soldaternas vapenvila som hotade de krigförande högkvarterens planer.

Boken
STILLA NATT. När vapnen tystnade julen 1914
Av: Stanley Weintraub[Marker][Marker]
Översättning Margareta Eklöf
Utkommer i dag (tisdag 2.9)

Julen 1914 var förstavärldskriget några månader gammalt. De stridande parterna hade grävt ner sig i Västfrontens oändliga skyttegravar, från Engelska kanalen till schweiziska gränsen. Sedan augusti hade kriget krävt hundratusentals döda, sårade och saknade. Förhållandena i skyttegravarna var vedervärdiga. Här slaktades under ett drygt fyra år långt blodbad en generation unga män till ingen som helst nytta.

På sina håll var det mindre än hundra meter mellan de tyska soldaterna å ena sidan och de brittiska och franska å den andra. Krigets första jul inträffade något mycket märkligt, en soldaternas vapenvila, genomförd av meniga i skyttegravarna i direkt strid med de överordnades direktiv.

Kanske var vapenvilan “en av 1900-talets potentiellt viktigaste händelser” skriver den amerikanske historikern Stanley Weintraub i sin infallsrika och tänkvärda “Stilla natt”. Boken är en lika väldokumenterad som detaljrik skildring av de dramatiska dagar “När vapnen tystnade julen 1914”, för att citera bokens undertitel.

Händelsen har skildrats i teaterpjäsen “Oh! What a Lovely war”, producerad av Theatre Workshop i London och spelad också i Sverige. I den officiella brittiska krigshistorien, publicerad 1926, framställdes det som skedde som en obetydlig episod. Men verkligheten var en annan. Vapenvilan påverkade stora delar av Västfronten utan att någon i efterhand vet var och hur det hela började.

På många ställen kom initiativet från den tyska sidan, kanske därför att många förband var inte var preussiska elittrupper utan oentusiastiska reservister från Bayern, Sachsen, Hessen och Westfalen. Från båda sidor steg man på julafton upp ur skyttegravarna och möttes i ingenmansland. Man kunde ju ropa till varandra. Nu kunde man se varandra och tala försiktigt om kriget.

Först begravdes de döda. En del lik hade legat i slagfältets gyttja sedan oktober. Sedan tog nyfikenheten över. Här var de soldater man under månad efter månad försökt fånga en skymt av för att döda. I krigspropagandan hade de beskrivits som ociviliserade barbarer, som monster rentav, monster beredda att begå vad slags illdåd som helst. Nu visade det sig att de var “likadana som vi”.

I ingenmansland bytte man saker med varandra och sjöng julsånger. Man applåderade sångerna som efter en konsert. Fransmän ropade ner med kriget ˆ “À bas la guerre” och tyskarna “Nie wieder Krieg”, aldrig mera krig. Snart dukades det i stora frontavsnitt upp julmiddagar, där rätterna bestod av innehållet i de julpaket som sänts till de stridande, vilka nu frikostigt delade med sig av dem till fienden. Och mer följde på juldagen, framförallt i form av improviserade fotbollsmatcher mellan skyttevärnen.

Det som skeddekan liknas vid ett folkligt uppror. Den improviserade vapenvilan påminner om de spontana rörelser som störtar tyranner, skriver Weintraub. Fraterniseringen mellan de stridande var ett hot mot stridsandan, ett disciplinbrott jämförbart med högförräderi. Högkvarteren på båda sidor gav order om att vapenvilan med alla medel skulle störas så att kriget kunde fortsätta. Men, skriver Weintraub, på de ställen där vapenvilan hade hållit saknades totalt entusiasm över förnyade krigshandlingar.

Vår tids krig förs på avstånd. USA:s tre senaste krig har skett genom bombningar på hög höjd. Soldaterna har aldrig behövt se sina lemlästade offer. Hemmaopinionen har svepts in i förskönande lögner om rättfärdiga krig mot ondskan själv. I Västfrontens skyttegravar var det annorlunda. Det var ett krig mellan soldater, där civila drabbades mycket mindre än nu, men det var också ett de menigas krig, som förutsatte att soldaternas stridsvilja eldats med högstämd patriotisk retorik. Vapenvilan vid jul visade många stridande hur falsk retoriken var. Den kunde ha undergrävt tron på kriget, kanske rentav hejdat det.

I ett avslutandefantasieggande kapitel “Vad hade hänt om?” ägnar sig Stanley Weintraub åt vad som brukar kallas kontrafaktisk historieskrivning. Vad hade hänt om kriget tvärt hade upphört med julvapenvilan, om soldaterna vägrat fortsätta strida?

Det som följde var ju lika destruktivt som meningslöst, 6.000 döda per dag i fyrtiosex krigsmånader. Vid slutet av 1915 hade fronten i Flandern förskjutits några hundra meter, det var allt. Men om kriget hade slutat på julafton 1914?

För Tyskland kunde följden ha blivit att landet blivit en välmående monarki, kanske som Sverige, medan Hitler förblivit en okänd demobiliserad korpral. Nazismen hade aldrig fått folkligt stöd och Förintelsen hade aldrig ägt rum. Ett fredligt Tyskland kunde ha blivit Europas, rentav världens dominerande nation, tror Stanley Weintraub, en konkurrent till USA. Tyskland kunde ha blivit ett kulturellt och vetenskapligt centrum snarare än Frankrike. Storbritannien hade bibehållit ekonomisk styrka och därmed kanske också sina afrikanska kolonier. Andra världskriget hade aldrig behövt drabba mänskligheten.

Kvinnorna hade däremot förlorat på en sådan utveckling. De många döda männen underlättade kvinnornas inträdde på arbetsmarknaden och sådant som kvinnlig rösträtt.

Samtiden formas av det förflutna. En bok som “Stilla natt” är inspirerande läsning för den som vill reflektera över att historien faktiskt kan utvecklas ytterst olika och oförutsägbart till följd av politiska beslut.

Vad hade hänt om USA inte bombat Irak? Vilka kommer nu de långsiktiga konsekvenserna av det barbariska kriget att bli? Sådana frågor formas också under läsningen av Weintraubs bok.

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