När soldaternas vapenvila hotade generalernas krig

Kanske var vapenvilan under juldagarna 1914 en av 1900-talets potentiellt viktigaste händelser skriver den amerikanske historikern Stanley Weintraub. Sören Sommelius har läst en infallsrik och tänkvärd bok om en soldaternas vapenvila som hotade de krigförande högkvarterens planer.

Boken
STILLA NATT. När vapnen tystnade julen 1914
Av: Stanley Weintraub[Marker][Marker]
Översättning Margareta Eklöf
Utkommer i dag (tisdag 2.9)

Julen 1914 var förstavärldskriget några månader gammalt. De stridande parterna hade grävt ner sig i Västfrontens oändliga skyttegravar, från Engelska kanalen till schweiziska gränsen. Sedan augusti hade kriget krävt hundratusentals döda, sårade och saknade. Förhållandena i skyttegravarna var vedervärdiga. Här slaktades under ett drygt fyra år långt blodbad en generation unga män till ingen som helst nytta.

På sina håll var det mindre än hundra meter mellan de tyska soldaterna å ena sidan och de brittiska och franska å den andra. Krigets första jul inträffade något mycket märkligt, en soldaternas vapenvila, genomförd av meniga i skyttegravarna i direkt strid med de överordnades direktiv.

Kanske var vapenvilan “en av 1900-talets potentiellt viktigaste händelser” skriver den amerikanske historikern Stanley Weintraub i sin infallsrika och tänkvärda “Stilla natt”. Boken är en lika väldokumenterad som detaljrik skildring av de dramatiska dagar “När vapnen tystnade julen 1914”, för att citera bokens undertitel.

Händelsen har skildrats i teaterpjäsen “Oh! What a Lovely war”, producerad av Theatre Workshop i London och spelad också i Sverige. I den officiella brittiska krigshistorien, publicerad 1926, framställdes det som skedde som en obetydlig episod. Men verkligheten var en annan. Vapenvilan påverkade stora delar av Västfronten utan att någon i efterhand vet var och hur det hela började.

På många ställen kom initiativet från den tyska sidan, kanske därför att många förband var inte var preussiska elittrupper utan oentusiastiska reservister från Bayern, Sachsen, Hessen och Westfalen. Från båda sidor steg man på julafton upp ur skyttegravarna och möttes i ingenmansland. Man kunde ju ropa till varandra. Nu kunde man se varandra och tala försiktigt om kriget.

Först begravdes de döda. En del lik hade legat i slagfältets gyttja sedan oktober. Sedan tog nyfikenheten över. Här var de soldater man under månad efter månad försökt fånga en skymt av för att döda. I krigspropagandan hade de beskrivits som ociviliserade barbarer, som monster rentav, monster beredda att begå vad slags illdåd som helst. Nu visade det sig att de var “likadana som vi”.

I ingenmansland bytte man saker med varandra och sjöng julsånger. Man applåderade sångerna som efter en konsert. Fransmän ropade ner med kriget ˆ “À bas la guerre” och tyskarna “Nie wieder Krieg”, aldrig mera krig. Snart dukades det i stora frontavsnitt upp julmiddagar, där rätterna bestod av innehållet i de julpaket som sänts till de stridande, vilka nu frikostigt delade med sig av dem till fienden. Och mer följde på juldagen, framförallt i form av improviserade fotbollsmatcher mellan skyttevärnen.

Det som skeddekan liknas vid ett folkligt uppror. Den improviserade vapenvilan påminner om de spontana rörelser som störtar tyranner, skriver Weintraub. Fraterniseringen mellan de stridande var ett hot mot stridsandan, ett disciplinbrott jämförbart med högförräderi. Högkvarteren på båda sidor gav order om att vapenvilan med alla medel skulle störas så att kriget kunde fortsätta. Men, skriver Weintraub, på de ställen där vapenvilan hade hållit saknades totalt entusiasm över förnyade krigshandlingar.

Vår tids krig förs på avstånd. USA:s tre senaste krig har skett genom bombningar på hög höjd. Soldaterna har aldrig behövt se sina lemlästade offer. Hemmaopinionen har svepts in i förskönande lögner om rättfärdiga krig mot ondskan själv. I Västfrontens skyttegravar var det annorlunda. Det var ett krig mellan soldater, där civila drabbades mycket mindre än nu, men det var också ett de menigas krig, som förutsatte att soldaternas stridsvilja eldats med högstämd patriotisk retorik. Vapenvilan vid jul visade många stridande hur falsk retoriken var. Den kunde ha undergrävt tron på kriget, kanske rentav hejdat det.

I ett avslutandefantasieggande kapitel “Vad hade hänt om?” ägnar sig Stanley Weintraub åt vad som brukar kallas kontrafaktisk historieskrivning. Vad hade hänt om kriget tvärt hade upphört med julvapenvilan, om soldaterna vägrat fortsätta strida?

Det som följde var ju lika destruktivt som meningslöst, 6.000 döda per dag i fyrtiosex krigsmånader. Vid slutet av 1915 hade fronten i Flandern förskjutits några hundra meter, det var allt. Men om kriget hade slutat på julafton 1914?

För Tyskland kunde följden ha blivit att landet blivit en välmående monarki, kanske som Sverige, medan Hitler förblivit en okänd demobiliserad korpral. Nazismen hade aldrig fått folkligt stöd och Förintelsen hade aldrig ägt rum. Ett fredligt Tyskland kunde ha blivit Europas, rentav världens dominerande nation, tror Stanley Weintraub, en konkurrent till USA. Tyskland kunde ha blivit ett kulturellt och vetenskapligt centrum snarare än Frankrike. Storbritannien hade bibehållit ekonomisk styrka och därmed kanske också sina afrikanska kolonier. Andra världskriget hade aldrig behövt drabba mänskligheten.

Kvinnorna hade däremot förlorat på en sådan utveckling. De många döda männen underlättade kvinnornas inträdde på arbetsmarknaden och sådant som kvinnlig rösträtt.

Samtiden formas av det förflutna. En bok som “Stilla natt” är inspirerande läsning för den som vill reflektera över att historien faktiskt kan utvecklas ytterst olika och oförutsägbart till följd av politiska beslut.

Vad hade hänt om USA inte bombat Irak? Vilka kommer nu de långsiktiga konsekvenserna av det barbariska kriget att bli? Sådana frågor formas också under läsningen av Weintraubs bok.

Related Posts

LONDON – So far so good, at least on the wider level. While internally Iraq seems on the edge of chaos, the much heralded clash of civilizations between the Muslim and Judaeo-Christian worlds has yet to become apparent. We have anger and despair aplenty in the Arab and Muslim worlds. But very little rushing to the standard and there was no great pilgrimage of warriors to join the fight, as happened when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan twenty years ago, and then, having driven the Red Army out, were left to ferment in that mountainous redoubt. With the armaments supplied by the CIA the mujahidin were transformed into Al Qaeda that became, for a relatively brief moment as these things go, ‘the greatest threat to the homeland that America has ever known.’ Nevertheless a ‘Cold War’ between much of the Muslim world and the West is certainly in full swing. Winston...
The Challenge of Nuclear Weaponsin the Twenty-first CenturyA Path Forward The peoples and governments of the world face an urgent challenge relating to weaponry of mass destruction and particularly to nuclear weaponry.  At the crossroads of technology, terrorism, geopolitical ambition, and policies of preemption are new and potent dangers for humanity. Despite ending the nuclear standoff of the Cold War era, nuclear weaponry is again menacing the peoples of the world with catastrophic possibilities.  We recognize the need for any government to pursue its security interests in accordance with international law; and further, we recognize that distinctive threats to these interests now exist as a result of an active international terrorist network having declared war on the United States and its allies. Nonetheless, we reject the assessment of the current US administration that upgrading a reliance on nuclear weapons is in any sense justified as a response. We find it...
By Karin Wegestal MP, the Social Democratic Partyon behalf of the Swedish Committee for Solidarity with the Yugoslav People During the last decade, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has received more than 500,000 refugees from Croatia and Bosnia, and another 300,000 internally displaced persons, mainly from the province Kosovo and Metohia. For a country with about ten million inhabitants, such an influx of homeless people is obviously a very heavy burden – even under peaceful conditions. But in addition to that, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has been the subject to sanctions from the western powers for close to ten years and its infrastructure was badly hurt through Nato’s intense bombardment during 78 days in 1999. The result of all this is that Yugoslavia, once the most developed industrial country in Eastern Europe, is today the poorest country in Europe. In Serbia excluding Kosovo, with about ten million inhabitants and...

Recent Articles

Tony Robinson October 4, 2026 Violence is easy to recognise when someone is being beaten, shot or killed. It becomes more difficult when nobody is holding a weapon. Poverty, discrimination, exploitation and repression can restrict a human life just as effectively, although they do so in very different ways and with very different consequences. Simply adding more categories to an ever-growing list of forms of violence does not really solve the problem. The more interesting question is what all these different situations have in common and why it makes sense to describe them using the same word. Human beings do not simply react to what happens around them. They remember the past, imagine things that do not yet exist, make plans and undertake projects. Workers organise because they imagine different working conditions; people migrate because they imagine another life somewhere else; social movements emerge because people refuse to accept the...
It’s a matter of principles, courage, vision and pulling together – while the militarist world is falling apart… Peter Langille October 3, 2026 “Here, then, is the problem which we present to you, stark and dreadful and inescapable: Shall we put an end to the human race; or shall mankind renounce war?”The Bertrand Russell—Albert Einstein Manifesto, July 9, 1955 ⁕ The forecast for what’s ahead is worrisome. The sharp rise in armed conflicts over the past three years is adding to what was already the highest level in over seventy years. Genocides, which should be prevented are supported. A shared climate emergency that jeopardises survival is ignored. Diverse polls now suggest that people are war-weary, worried and interested in a more effective United Nations. And, there are viable policy options for a more secure world! Yet governments are doubling-down, betting on more war and investing heavily. If current trends persist,...
Johan Galtung 1930-2024October 2015 Published here on October 3, 2026 Let us focus on Civilization for conflict analysis and remedies. Major forms of disorder use violence; war is state organized violence. The most belligerent states are the United States of America and Israel, both with civilization roots. National Evangelism, the US Protestant Christian civilization– more national than evangelical–justifies US warfare as exceptionalism of a people chosen by God, with a manifest destiny to run the world. Orthodox Judaism justifies Israeli warfare to conquer and expand from Nile to Euphrates as a religious right and duty to the Eternal One. The third most belligerent country, the UK, no longer believes it is God-chosen but chosen by the USA; not quite the same but something. But the root cause of global disorder lies in the Occident–with Islam–seeing itself as the single, universal civilization valid for all at all times, all others being...

TFF on Substack

Discover and subscribe to more peace materials on TFF Substack

Most Popular

Tony Robinson October 4, 2026 Violence is easy to recognise when someone is being beaten, shot or killed. It becomes more difficult when nobody is holding a weapon. Poverty, discrimination, exploitation and repression can restrict a human life just as effectively, although they do so in very different ways and with very different consequences. Simply adding more categories to an ever-growing list of forms of violence does not really solve the problem. The more interesting question is what all these different situations have in common and why it makes sense to describe them using the same word. Human beings do not simply react to what happens around them. They remember the past, imagine things that do not yet exist, make plans and undertake projects. Workers organise because they imagine different working conditions; people migrate because they imagine another life somewhere else; social movements emerge because people refuse to accept the...
It’s a matter of principles, courage, vision and pulling together – while the militarist world is falling apart… Peter Langille October 3, 2026 “Here, then, is the problem which we present to you, stark and dreadful and inescapable: Shall we put an end to the human race; or shall mankind renounce war?”The Bertrand Russell—Albert Einstein Manifesto, July 9, 1955 ⁕ The forecast for what’s ahead is worrisome. The sharp rise in armed conflicts over the past three years is adding to what was already the highest level in over seventy years. Genocides, which should be prevented are supported. A shared climate emergency that jeopardises survival is ignored. Diverse polls now suggest that people are war-weary, worried and interested in a more effective United Nations. And, there are viable policy options for a more secure world! Yet governments are doubling-down, betting on more war and investing heavily. If current trends persist,...
Johan Galtung 1930-2024October 2015 Published here on October 3, 2026 Let us focus on Civilization for conflict analysis and remedies. Major forms of disorder use violence; war is state organized violence. The most belligerent states are the United States of America and Israel, both with civilization roots. National Evangelism, the US Protestant Christian civilization– more national than evangelical–justifies US warfare as exceptionalism of a people chosen by God, with a manifest destiny to run the world. Orthodox Judaism justifies Israeli warfare to conquer and expand from Nile to Euphrates as a religious right and duty to the Eternal One. The third most belligerent country, the UK, no longer believes it is God-chosen but chosen by the USA; not quite the same but something. But the root cause of global disorder lies in the Occident–with Islam–seeing itself as the single, universal civilization valid for all at all times, all others being...
Read More
Living-Peace-Sign-Budapest-copy
Tony Robinson October 4, 2026 Violence is easy to recognise when someone is being beaten, shot or killed. It becomes more difficult when nobody is holding a weapon. Poverty, discrimination, exploitation and repression can restrict a human life just as effectively, although they do so in very different ways and with very different consequences. Simply adding more categories to an ever-growing list of forms of violence does not really solve the problem. The more interesting question is what all these different situations have in common and why it makes sense to describe them using the same word. Human beings do not simply react to what happens around them. They remember the past, imagine things that do not yet exist, make plans and undertake projects. Workers organise because they imagine different working conditions; people migrate because they imagine another life somewhere else; social movements emerge because people refuse to accept the...
b54a1f10-8c65-4f0b-9dd5-4abc0a7d04cc_2659x2659
It’s a matter of principles, courage, vision and pulling together – while the militarist world is falling apart… Peter Langille October 3, 2026 “Here, then, is the problem which we present to you, stark and dreadful and inescapable: Shall we put an end to the human race; or shall mankind renounce war?”The Bertrand Russell—Albert Einstein Manifesto, July 9, 1955 ⁕ The forecast for what’s ahead is worrisome. The sharp rise in armed conflicts over the past three years is adding to what was already the highest level in over seventy years. Genocides, which should be prevented are supported. A shared climate emergency that jeopardises survival is ignored. Diverse polls now suggest that people are war-weary, worried and interested in a more effective United Nations. And, there are viable policy options for a more secure world! Yet governments are doubling-down, betting on more war and investing heavily. If current trends persist,...
010
Johan Galtung 1930-2024October 2015 Published here on October 3, 2026 Let us focus on Civilization for conflict analysis and remedies. Major forms of disorder use violence; war is state organized violence. The most belligerent states are the United States of America and Israel, both with civilization roots. National Evangelism, the US Protestant Christian civilization– more national than evangelical–justifies US warfare as exceptionalism of a people chosen by God, with a manifest destiny to run the world. Orthodox Judaism justifies Israeli warfare to conquer and expand from Nile to Euphrates as a religious right and duty to the Eternal One. The third most belligerent country, the UK, no longer believes it is God-chosen but chosen by the USA; not quite the same but something. But the root cause of global disorder lies in the Occident–with Islam–seeing itself as the single, universal civilization valid for all at all times, all others being...
Screenshot 2026-10-02 011738
Jan ObergPhD, director, The Transnational Foundation for Peace and Future Research, TFFLund, Sweden October 2, 2026 This is my full original manuscript. The Chinese Academy of Social Science, CASS, makes two publications out if it. 1. China’s Five-year plan emphasized the capabilities of basic research and original innovation. It is regarded as the goal of the future social development, which, as required, should be significantly enhanced. Can you comment on the importance of original innovation in research and academic study? I believe it is easier to define “original innovation” in the natural sciences than in social sciences. The breaking points of what constitutes something new, or innovative, are not quite as sharp in the latter. But in both fields it is about opening up something that was closed, unseen, unexplored before – making manifest what was earlier latent. Innovations come in many forms and shapes – naming something that was not...
arctic-circle-map
The agreement is catastrophic both because of what it says and what it doesn’t mention. It reduces further the major asset of security policies: Freedom of action. Jan Oberg TFF director September 25, 2026 A couple of hours before the agreement was signed on September 22, 2026, I published the following 13 hypotheses about what it would most likely contain on TFF Substack (in English). I was wrong on only the first point. Contrary to what Trump had written on his Truth Social platform, it does not appear to come into force immediately. In fact, it turned out to be worse than even I had anticipated. After these hypotheses now come a number of reflections in light of what the agreement actually contains, and does not contain, as well as the way in which it has generally been presented by major media outlets and by the public-service broadcaster DR. My...
girl-5894831_1280
Below are TFF-related media mentions, comments, videos and social media posts published elsewhere but not on this homepage. We happen to catch and list only a fraction. Regarding video comments and debates, we recommend that you go to the TFF Video Channel on Substack where many of them are reproduced. Jan Oberg is a contributor to China Daily – 52 million daily clicks – and Global Times, CGTN and CCTV (the national television), China Investment, Xinhua News Agency and several others. Articles and videos on these media very often multiply into countless Chinese (and Western media) that re-post them from these main media. Thanks to The China Academy, his analyses, interviews and comments are frequently posted on YouTube channels such as Thinkers Forum and Wave Media. These videos are often re-posted on Bilibili (China’s YouTube), the China Content Center on TikTok, and on the Chinese edition of TikTok, Douyin.com. This means reaching hundreds of millions of viewers worldwide over a year. While there are too many to catch on all these...