Manifestation av turkisk samhörighetpå norra Cypern

I år är det tjugofyra år sedan den turkiska interventionen på Cypern som ledde till att ön delades. Grek- och turkcyprioter har sedan dess levt åtskilda på var sin sida om den buffertzon som skär tvärs igenom ön.

För grekcyprioterna var interventionen och den efterföljande ockupationen av norra Cypern en nationell katastrof. Hundratusentals grekcyprioter tvingades lämna sina hem i norr och lever som flyktingar på den södra delen av ön. För den turkcypriotiska minoriteten däremot sågs interventionen, eller “fredsoperationen” som den kallas av turkcyprioterna, som en räddning undan Cyperns hotande anslutning till Grekland. Målet om enosis delades vid denna tid av den dåvarande militärjuntan i Aten och de kuppmakare som några dagar tidigare störtat den cypriotiske presidenten Makarios.

Den 20 juli varje år firar turkcyprioterna därför denna dag, “Fred och frihetsdagen”, likt en nationaldag. Till skillnad från grekcyprioterna har turkcyprioterna accepterat öns delning och funnit sig tillrätta på den norra delen av ön. Det grekcypriotiska flyktingarna däremot hyser fortfarande hopp om att en dag kunna återvända till sina hem i norr. Det som är en nationell högtidsdag för turkcyprioterna är därför en sorgedag för öns grekcyprioter.

I år uppgavs fler turkcyprioter än någonsin ha deltagit i firandet som också var en manifestation av banden mellan turkcyprioterna och moderlandet Turkiet som för tjugofyra år sedan kom till deras räddning. I Kyrenia samlades hundratals turkcyprioter för att efter ett tal av den turkcypriotiske ledaren Rauf Denktash bevitta en akrobatisk uppvisning av det turkiska flygvapnets elitpiloter. Röd och vit rök symboliserade Turkiets och den turkcypriotiska statsbildningens flaggor. Utanför Famagusta seglade en ensam fallskärmssoldat ner hållande de turkiska och turkcypriotiska flaggorna. En påminnelse om de turkiska soldater som för tjugofyra år sedan i fallskärmar landade på slättlandet runt Nicosia. Senare under kvällen lystes himlen upp av ett fyrverkeri från fartyg tillhörande den turkiska flottan som under flera dagar funnits på plats utanför Kyrenias hamn.

På plats under firandet fanns också den turkiska premiärministern Mesut Yilmaz som försäkrade att inget kan hota banden mellan Turkiet och turkcyprioterna på norra Cypern. Om det skulle bli nödvändigt är Turkiet berett att återigen komma till turkcyprioternas försvar, sade Yilmaz i ett uttalande också riktat till grekcyprioterna som under hösten planerar att installera luftvärnsmissiler på ön för att förhindra en upprepning av händelserna 1974.

Några dagar senare kulminerade strömmen av turkiska dignitärer som under de senaste veckorna besökt norra Cypern med ett besök av president Süleyman Demirel. I en symbolladdad gest vred Demirel på den kran som öppnade flödet av det vatten från södra Turkiet som ska transporteras till Cypern i jättelika vattenburna ballonger.

Det anatoliska vattnet, som under en tioårsperiod ska levereras utan kostnad, ska till en början bidra till att täcka norra Cyperns dricksvattenbehov. Liksom många andra stater i östra Medelhavet lider Cypern efter decennier av torka av vattenbrist. I den turkcypriotiska delen av Nicosia är vattentilldelningen nu begränsad till två dagar i veckan. Där liksom i Famagusta är kranvattnet otjänligt som dricksvatten. När de ballonger vattnet nu transporteras i ersatts av en pipeline ska vattnet även användas för jordbruket som är hårt drabbat av den långvariga torkan. På sikt hoppas Turkiet även kunna exportera vatten via Cypern till andra stater i östra Medelhavet, däribland Israel. Däremot är det inte troligt att grekcyprioterna kommer att nappa på erbjudandet att ta del av Demirels “fredsvatten”, som vattenprojektet kallas.

Vattenleveransen är ett konkret resultat av det avtal om ekonomiskt samarbete mellan Turkiet och norra Cypern som ingicks förra året. Nyligen beslutade det turkiska parlamentet att det ekonomiska samarbetet mellan Turket och norra Cypern ska ha högsta prioritet. Från och med nu ska Turkiet aktivt söka bidra till den ekonomiska utvecklingen på norra Cypern. I fråga om ekonomiska investeringar, lån och jordbruksstöd ska norra Cypern behandlas som vilken turkisk provins som helst. Telefonsamtal till Turkiet ska i framtiden räknas som regionalsamtal (medan turkcyprioterna får betala högsta internationella taxa för att ringa till södra Cypern!).

Redan nu är Turkiets ökade investeringar på norra Cypern påtagliga. Bland annat har investeringar gjorts i infrastrukturen, som det i det närmaste avslutade byggandet av motorvägar mellan de störra städerna.

Att banden mellan Turkiet och turkcyprioterna nu stärks är en direkt konsekvens av EU:s beslut från förra sommaren att acceptera Cypern som framtida medlem. Ansökan om medlemskap, som var ett ensidigt initiativ från den i praktiken grekcypriotiska administrationen, ses av turkcyprioterna som ett försök att via EU indirekt ansluta Cypern till Grekland.

Efter beslutet utfärdade turkcyprioterna och Turkiet en gemensam deklaration om att varje steg mot integration mellan Cypern och EU ska följa av ett steg mot integration dem emellan. I augusti förra året upprättades ett ekonomiskt samarbetsråd (Association Council). Under sitt andra möte som ägde rum i Nicosia under president Demirels besök diskuterade rådet planerna på en ekonomisk frihandelszon med fri rörelse av varor, tjänster och kapital liknande den som existerar mellan EU:s medlemsstater.

Efter det att EU under toppmötet i Luxemburg i december förra året fattat det för Turkiet förödmjukande beslutet om att inte acceptera Turkiet som medlemstat under den närmaste framtiden bröt såväl Turkiet som turkcyprioterna alla officiella kontakter med EU.

Den turkcypriotiska linjen är nu att förhandlingarna med grekcyprioterna om en lösning av konflikten endast kan återupptas om EU avbryter medlemskapsförhandlingarna med den grekcypriotiska administrationen. Ytterligare ett krav är att omvärlden ska erkänna turkcyprioternas rätt att företrädas av sina valda representanter. För närvarande är Turkiet är det enda land som erkänt den turkcypriotiska statsbildning som sedan 1983 existerar under namnet Norra Cyperns turkiska republik. FN har i flera resolutioner uppmanat Turkiet att dra tillbaka sina militära styrkor (cirka 35 000 man) från Cypern och vädjat till medlemstaterna att inte erkänna eller på annat sett stödja vad som ses som en illegal utbrytarstat.

De gångna veckornas manifestation av banden mellan Turkiet och norra Cypern måste ses i ljuset av den ökande frustration som finns både bland turkar och turkcyprioter i förhållandet till EU. I den turkiska debatten hörs nu allt fler röster om att EU inte är världens centrum. Om dörren till EU är stängd finns det andra vägar att gå. Premiärminister Mesut Yilmaz betonar att relationerna med USA, Ryssland och Japan kommer att spela en viktigare roll i Turkiets utrikespolitiska orientering.

Ismael Cem, Turkiets dynamiske utrikesminister, hör också till de som menar att Turkiet inte bör att knäfalla inför Bryssel utan i stället utnyttja den centrala roll landet kan spela i det allt mer strategiskt intressanta framväxande “Euroasien”. I området finns stora oljetillgångar som väntar på att exploateras. Turkiet spelar också en central roll i det samarbete som växer fram mellan de turkisktalande stater som etablerats i Sovjetunionens efterföljd. Denna framväxande turkiska gemenskap innefattar även turkcyprioterna på norra Cypern.

Och även om många turkcyprioter ser utsikterna om att betraktas som vilken turkisk provins som helst som ett hot snarare än som ett löfte framstår Turkiet för närvarande som det enda öppna fönstret mot omvärlden.

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