Lovende initiativ af Anders Fogh Rasmussen til en Mellemøsten-Europa fredsproces

Grundlovsdag – 5. juni, 2003

I sin tale den 9. maj på Woodrow Wilson Centret i USA Washington løftede statsministeren sløret for et initiativ for sikkerhed og samarbejde mellem Europa og Mellemøsten. Fogh Rasmussen ønsker en dialog mellem Europa og Mellemøsten inspireret af den OSCE-proces, der fra 1975 bidrog så stærkt til at nedbryde fjendskabet i vort fælles Europa.

Sådan et initiativ har længe været savnet. Det er i grunden visionært i en tid hvor kortsigtede og hårdtslående midler ellers dyrkes. Og det er godt timet. Selvom der er grunde til at være pessimistisk om køreplanen for fred mellem Israel og Palæstina, er der dog nu kommet positive toner fra Tel Aviv; og uden en grundig dialog mellem netop Europa og Mellemøsten kan vi hverken få løst de gamle problemer eller reparere det fornyede fjendskab mod Vesten, som krigen mod og besættelsen af Irak har forårsaget.

Fogh Rasmussens greb om problemet er forsonende og bygger på ‘blød’ snarere end ‘hård’ magt. Statsministeren støtter den tanke, at der ikke findes noget quick fix på så vanvittigt komplicerede problemer som de mellemøstlige. Derfor kæder han – helt i OSCEs ånd – de ting sammen, der rettelig hører sammen: sikkerhed handler i bund og grund om udvikling, økonomi, uddannelse, civilsamfund, demokrati, tolerance, ligeværdigt samarbejde mellem kulturer og menneskerettigheder. Og han understreger kraftigt, at Israel-Palæstina konflikten kræver en to-stats løsning uden hvilken der slet ikke bliver nogen fremgang i Mellemøsten eller i vores relationer til menneskene dér.

Statsministeren bruger altså et stykke vellykket europæisk historie til at skitsere en vej til en bedre fremtid for Mellemøsten og dermed for os alle. Hans tale var en perspektivering, ikke en konkret plan. Vi tror det er afgørende at man dels konkretiserer denne perspektivering, så den nærmer sig en plan og dels fastholder et udtalt humanistisk perspektiv. Her skal vi nævne nogle konkretiseringer, som vi finder nødvendige, hvis processen skal føre til holdbar sikkerhed og udvikling af et bedre forhold mellem os i Europa og dem i Mellemøsten.

1. Grundlaget for det humanistiske perspektiv må være ligeværd, ægte ligeværd. At statsministeren direkte nævner at formålet er at “modernisere” regionen er velment, men bør overvejes strøget. Folk i Mellemøsten skal ikke lære mere af os end vi skal være parate til at lære af dem, da vi hverken er bedre mennesker eller har rigere historie og kulturer end dem. Det er derfor godt, at statsministeren udtrykkeligt understreger, at der skal være gensidig tolerance, at det ikke må blive et nyt korstog og at alt, hvad der foregår skal være acceptabelt for de mennesker der berøres. Altså må vi europæerer opgive vores tilbøjelighed til envejskommunikation, belæring og kulturimperialisme. Let bliver det naturligvis ikke.

2. Hvad angår ligeværd bør man nok overveje fra starten at få drøftet værdier og kriterier for det fælles arbejde og indbygger en konflikthåndterende mekanisme i selve processen. Den vil kun kunne lykkes, hvis man i starten gennemfører nogle professionelt faciliterede samtaler om hvordan begreber som “udvikling”, “demokrati”, “dialog,” forstås i den arabiske verden og i Europa. Hele initiativet kan, set i et historisk bakspejl – fordi man jo utvivlsomt mener det godt – let forfalde til at “det er os, der skal lære dem at…” eller “da det jo er dem, der skal moderniseres, er det vores moderne Vesterlands definitioner og kriterier, der bør gælde i processen.” Disse ofte ubevidste antagelser vil, trods alle forsikringer om det modsatte, påvirke udfaldet negativt hvis de ikke holdes op og debatteres åbent. Den enkelte diplomats evne til indlevelse er derfor essentiel.

3. Derfor skal vi europæere nok kaste et kritisk blik på vores egen fremfærd i verden, spørge os selv om hvor gode vi har været til at skabe varige og bredt accepterede resultater for andre folkeslag. Selvom mange vil benægte det, så er der utallige eksempler på at Vestens civilisatoriske missioner har slået fejl, gjort ubodelig skade og skabt had og ydmygelse, og at “vi” har fået mere ud af det end “dem”. Det gælder ikke mindst i forholdet til den arabiske verden, selvom der også findes en betydelig fascination af vores kultur.

4. Det må konkretiseres, hvem parterne i processen bør være, hvilke lande og organisationer. I strukturen ligger nøglen til resultaterne. Et ligeværdigt samarbejde mellem organisationer som FN, OSCE, EU samt den Arabiske Liga, OPEC, Organisationen for den Islamiske konference kan vise, at der er tale om et bredt partnerskab og en bred behandling af problemområder – og at den europæiske hensigt ikke er at belære og styre. Og vi må huske at Tyrkiet, Rusland og de øvrige tidligere Warszawapagt-lande indgår i Europa.

5. Det er nødvendigt at et bredt spektrum af civilsamfunds-organisationer involveres &endash; foreninger der står for det humanitære, for kvinders ligestilling, fred, uddannelse, religioner, økumeni, økologi og kultur. Ikke blot mainstream grupper men også dem, der står for “den anden side” både i Mellemøsten og i Europa. En proces i hvilken NGOerne er henvist til nogle parallelle, underordnede begivenheder er dødfødt, og statsministeren nævner netop i sin tale de utallige indsatser der gøres i det civile samfund.

6. Enhver fredsproces handler om fælles møder om fælles interesser men også om en kortlægning af hvad parterne ser som negativt og som en trussel hos “de andre”. Altså må tusinder af mellemfolkelige dialoger bringes til at blomstre hér og dér for at udvikle tilliden og den gensidige forståelse. Også hér blir der brug for træning i konfliktløsning.

7. Der vil i hele samarbejdsprocessen være et stort behov for praktisk viden og træning i konflikthåndtering, forsoning, ikkevold, fredsundervisning, tolerance, fredskulturens muligheder, fremtidstænkning især for unge, men sandelig også for de politikere og embedsmænd, der deltager i processen. Derfor foreslår vi at der tilbydes kurser i konfliktarbejde for alle, som skal deltage i konferencerne. Som undervisere kan bruges folk fra de mange centre for konfliktløsning, som findes såvel i Mellemøsten som i Europa.

8. Det bliver helt nødvendigt at øge den fælles forståelse for kristendommens og islams ikkevoldelige budskaber. Man kan eksempelvis ikke fortænke folk i Mellemøsten i at have det indtryk, at kristendommen er streng, straffende og voldelig – og naturligvis kan enhver europæer i disse tider se de voldelige elementer i den muslimske verdens kulturer og måder at føre politik på. Så vi må udforske de fælles medmenneskelige rødder i religionerne og deres principielle støtte til lighed, solidaritet og medfølelse. Kort sagt, der trænges til viden om den bløde magt i religionerne.

9. Tryghed, sikkerhed og forsvar er grundlæggende for om folk tør række hånden ud og give freden en chance. Her kunne statsministerens udspil suppleres med konkrete tiltag som reduktion af/stop for våbenhandel, alternative defensive former for militært forsvar, ikkevolds træning, oprettelse af europæisk-mellemøstlige institutioner, der arbejder med konflikthåndtering og i tide dæmmer op for enhver konflikts eskalering til vold og krig.

10. Et naturligt element kunne omfatte en gennemførelse af FNs Sikkerhedsresolution 687 fra 1991, der foreskriver at hele Mellemøsten skal blive en zone fri for masseødelæggende våben. Her vil det naturlige spørgsmål set fra den arabiske verdens – og det er den, der er blevet invaderet af os, ikke omvendt &endash; være : hvad vil I i Europa så gøre til gengæld, så vi i fællesskab nedbringer spændinger og krigsrisikoen i fremtiden? Det spørgsmål må vi forberede svar på.

11. Statsministerens initiativ kan betragtes som en vældig inspiration for resten af EU, der som bekendt ikke har en fælles udenrigs- og sikkerhedspolitik og heller ikke synes at bevæge sig i den retning. Derfor bør den danske plan søges gennemført af en “koalition af de villige” i og udenfor EU og ikke bremses eller skrottes af diverse nationale interesser i Europa. Det er bedre at nogen gør noget og viser vejen fremad, end at flertallet sidder og iagttager at de store kører deres eget løb.

Mangfoldighed er en af Europas kulturelle og intellektuelle rigdomme. Og vi i Norden har ligget ret fladt diplomatisk i 12 år på Balkan og mere eller mindre aktivt støttet USA’s blindgyde-politik i f.eks. Afghanistan. Så det er faktisk rigtigt prisværdigt hvis vi – Danmark, Norden eller EU – kunne gøre noget nyt, langsigtet og respektabelt i forhold til Mellemøsten.

Hvis Fogh Rasmussens idé bliver til en helstøbt plan, der bakkes energisk op af ligesindede aktører kan det ske, at vi får nogle nye venner, der også vil støtte en dansk stol i FNs Sikkerhedsråd 2005-2006 sådan som han håber. Men idéen bør blive til en handlingsplan og frem for alt fokusere på visionen om en fælles fredskultur, der jo i grunden kæder en kristen, en jødisk og en muslimsk-arabisk drøm sammen. Og intet kunne underminere såvel statslig som privat terrorisme så effektivt som netop en både visionær og konkret skridt-for-skridt proces mod de store mål: fred, demokrati og retfærdighed opnået gennem dialog.

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