Boken

“WE’RE A PEACEFUL NATION”
Krigsretorik efter elfte september
Av Brigitte Mral
Krisberedskapsmyndighetens temaserie 2004:05

“Kriget mot terrorismen” har skapat ett nytt politiskt språkbruk. Krig benämns fred, angrepp blir “förebyggande försvar”, ockupation kallas “humanitär intervention”.

Brigitte Mral, professor i retorik vid Humanistiska institutionen vid Örebro universitet, påminns när hon hör George Bush och Tony Blair mana till krig om den sortens “double talk” som George Orwell gjorde besk satir av i sin svarta framtidsskildring “1984”. I sin studie av krigsretorik efter den elfte september “We’re a Peaceful Nation” ger hon talrika exempel på hur ett nytt politiskt språkbruk har uppstått.

I krislägen är vi i ett land som Sverige misstänksamma mot stora ord. Vi förväntar oss från makthavarna raka och ärliga besked, därför att “ett demokratiskt samhälle har den rationella dialogen som grundpelare”.

Så har det knappast varit i USA och Storbritannien under förspelet till krigen i Afghanistan och Irak. Maktetablissemangen har satsat all sin prestige på att övertyga sin befolkning om att bådadera varit rättfärdiga krig. Det som sett ut som anfallskrig har definierats som försvarskrig, i den globala kampen mot terrorismens gäckande skuggor.

Perioden efter den elfte september har varit en ur retorisk synpunkt unik period, konstaterar Brigitte Mral. Det har också varit en “talintensiv” period, där president Bush mycket ofta talat direkt till folket för att själv definiera vad som gäller utan besvärande kritisk granskning av medierna.

I sin bok går Mral igenom några speciellt viktiga tal av de hundratals som hållit under den här perioden. Hon har framförallt läst Bushs tal, men också hans fru Lauras, utrikesminister Powells och premiärminister Tony Blairs. De granskade talen är lätt tillgängliga, bland annat på Vita Husets hemsida, där allt som Bush och hans stab sagt offentligt finns att hämta. I Mrals bok finns också de granskade talen återgivna i sin helhet.

Brigitte Mral granskar olika teman som varit återkommande. Ett sådant är “ondska”. Att fienden utmålas som ondskan är inget nytt. Vad som skett nu är att man inte längre talar om onda och grymma folk utan om sataniska ledare. Krigen utmålas som räddningsaktioner för att befria folken från deras tyranner.

Redan i de första meningarna i sitt elfteseptembertal nämnde Bush ondskan, som förankrades i ett gammaltestamentligt bibelcitat. Ondskan ska utrotas i biblisk anda i ett rättfärdigt krig. Mral påminner om att två tredjedelar av dagens amerikaner tror att djävulen existerar – och att det därför är retoriskt effektivt att framställa Usama bin Ladin eller Saddam Hussein som den personifierade ondskan.

Ett annat återkommande tema är “jakt”. Problemet är att man normalt inte jagar människor, bara djur. Motståndarna avhumaniseras, blir till lömska rovdjur:

“De kommer att fly till bergen; leta upp hålor att gömma sig i. Vi kommer att göra allt som krävs för att röka ut dem, få dem att ta till flykten igen och vi kommer att ta dem.” (Bush 15.9.01)

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Ett speciellt tema i krigsretoriken blir “kvinnoförtryck”. Efter sex veckors bombningar av Afghanistan hade bilder på barnlik, offer för USA:s bombningar, kablats ut över världen. Då håller Laura Bush ett tal där hon känslosamt tar upp talibanernas förtryck av kvinnor och barn. Barnen i Afghanistan “får inte flyga med drakar, deras mödrar riskerar prygel om de skrattar högt”. Det heter vidare att de kvinnor som använder nagellack riskerar att få naglarna utdragna. Kampen mot terrorismen blir en kamp för kvinnornas rättigheter. Till saken hör att Cherie Blair, Tony Blairs hustru, två dagar senare höll ett liknande tal.

Andra tematan som berörs är “frihet”, “massförstörelsevapen”, “hjälpsamhet”, kriget som ett nödvändigt “arbete”, “spel och sport”, m m.

Brigitte Mral diskuterar bland mycket annat också talskrivarna roll. Hon berättar till exempel om hur en av de mest framstående David Frum får i uppdrag att i en mening eller två sammanfatta skälen för att gå i krig mot Irak, ungefär som ett uppdrag att skriva en reklamslogan. Sanningskravet är underordnat den retoriska effekten.

Det här är en viktig bok, om hur det politiskt manipulerande språket kan och måste analyseras. Vi lever i en ny epok av skrämmande global osäkerhet och det är grundläggande att det krigshetsande språket hos världens mäktigaste ledare granskas, detta hur hotbilder kommuniceras för att sälja det rättfärdiga kriget.

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