Krisen i provinsen Kosovo i det nya Jugoslavien står efter Daytonavtalet åter i fokus. Konflikten är gammal och känsloladdad. Det finns inga bra lösningar. Ändå måste något göras, eftersom alla förlorar på ett krig, som därtill kan spridas till grannländerna.

Fredsforskaren Jan Øberg ger här ett konkret förslag på vad det internationella samfundet skulle kunna göra i våldsförebyggande syfte, bland annat genom utplacering av en civil FN-styrka. Förslaget bygger på fyra års arbete och dialog med parterna.

Efter Dayton-avtalet om Bosnien har Kosovo-frågan fått ny aktualitet. Kosovo är en region inom Serbien och med många staters, även Sveriges, erkännande av det nya Jugoslavien har man tagit ställning för att så ska det förbli.

Kosovo-albanernas moderata, icke-våldspolitik under Dr Ibrahim Rugova, president för den självutropade Republiken Kosova, kommer nu att utsättas för ett ökande tryck; en majoritet av de 2 miljoner albanerna frågar sig varför den utlovade Kosova-republiken förblir en symbol snarare än en realitet. Det kan leda till en omprövning av nämnda moderata politik och bidra till en mer militant hållning; det kommer i sin tur serbiska extremister att vinna på gentemot president Milosevics moderata politik.

Risk för blodbad?
Ett annat scenario är också tänkbart: utvecklingen i Bosnien och det internationella samfundets hantering av den kan komma att leda till ökad press på Serbien och skapa inbördeskrigsliknande förhållanden där. I det läget kan albanska och serbiska extremister i växelverkan utlösa ett blodbad om Kosovo.

Konflikten är gammal, djup och känsloladdad. Utan att vara domare kan man säga att båda parter gjort betydande fel under decennier. Tyvärr finns det inga snabba och bra lösningar. Men det faktum att konflikten i dag inte medfört militära medel ger omvärlden handlingsmöjligheter den inte kommer att ha senare. Vare sig serberna eller kosovo-albanerna önskar, eller har det minsta att vinna på, ett krig. Det vet de. Ändå har vissa konflikter en egen logik, ibland oberoende av ledarnas avsikter. Vi utomstående kan opartiskt hjälpa parterna att undvika detta.

Konsekvenserna av ett politiskt sammanbrott som leder till våld kommer att bli potentiellt värre än Bosniens och med all sannolikhet involvera Makedonien, som har en egen missnöjd albansk minoritet, Albanien och kanske Bulgarien och Grekland.

Det internationella samfundet bör hjälpa serberna och albanerna att hitta en förhandlingslösning.

Tyvärr saknar Europa, med en uppsjö av i huvudsak militära organisationer från det förflutna, ett nytt tänkande, en uppsättning normer och praktiska redskap för att ta sig an en fråga som Kosovo. Alla försök att medla har hitintills varit ad hoc och utan framgång, bland annat tack vare isoleringen av den Federala Republiken Jugoslavien.

Bara serberna och albanerna själva kan komma överens om en framtida lösning, som är acceptabel och hållbar. Vad tredjeparter kan göra är att hjälpa dem på vägen. Det klokaste är därför att inte ens söka efter ett “quick fix”, utan skapa övergångsformer under vilka parterna i lugn och ro kan bygga upp så mycken tillit som behövs för att hitta en lösning.

Civilt FN till Kosovo?
En övergångsform kan tänkas innebära bättre minoritetsskydd, olika typer av autonomi, delning, självständighet, kondominium, protektorat, konfederation eller något helt annat. Målet är inte en bestämd lösning som Europa eller USA vill ha, utan att hjälpa parterna att leva fredligt tillsammans eller som goda grannar. Kort sagt, man kan lugnt glömma en Dayton-liknande process för problemet Kosovo.

Vad kunde detta innebära konkret?
* Första steget kunde vara att etablera en multinationell civil FN-myndighet i Kosovo, som ger parterna möjlighet att förhandla sig fram till en lösning, som behandlar konfliktens rötter. FN behöver en ny typ av uppgifter och finns på plats i Makedonien. Den europeiska säkerhets- och samarbetsorganisationen, OSSE, tillika med icke-statliga organisationer kunde involveras. Detta kunde kallas UNTANS – United Nations Temporary Authority for a Negotiated Settlement.

* Ett memorandum undertecknas mellan det nya Jugoslavien och FN:s säkerhetsråd enligt vilket FN, för en period av tre år, tar över delar av områdets dagliga administration, vilket ska reducera spänningen. Ett folkrättsligt dokument för detta har redan utarbetats.

* Demilitarisering av alla trupper och poliser i området med undantag för vad Jugoslavien behöver för legitimt självförsvar.

* Upprättande av en permanent Professionell Förhandlings-Facilitet, som hjälper parternas delegationer att åstadkomma resultat inom tre år; myndighetens ledning väljs från länder som inte har markanta intressen i området.

* Provinsens paramilitära och polisiära trupper ersätts av multinationella civilpoliser och monitorer, som samarbetar med internationella civila icke-statliga organisationer stationerade i lokalsamhället.

* Fredsbyggande, såsom undervisning i konfliktförståelse och försoning, genomförs överallt i området.

* Redan idag kan till exempel de nordiska länderna ta initiativ till en “Helsinki”-process för Balkan och bjuda in alla sidor och icke-statliga organisationer att delta.

* Självfallet måste Jugoslavien re-integreras i det internationella samfundet och dess olika organisationer för att kunna acceptera UNTANS.

Indirekt dialog
UNTANS-idén är resultat av analys, samtal och en indirekt dialog mellan serbiska och kosovo-albanska ledare samt intellektuella under flera år och på initiativ av Transnationella Stiftelsen (se nedan).

Det är våldsförebyggande och förhandling i ett. Denna typ av civil intervention kan användas av FN och andra organisationer runt om i världens svåra konflikter.

Det skulle tillika vara ett relevant bidrag till morgondagens fred och säkerhet och därmed ett korrektiv till strävanden att hitta nya roller för det kalla krigets säkerhetsorganisationer. Vare sig NATO eller den Västeuropeiska Unionen WEU har någon roll att spela i en konflikt som denna.

Förtrycket måste upphöra
Det är viktigt att förtrycket i Kosovo upphör; det är politiskt och ekonomiskt självdestruktivt för Serbien. Det är samtidigt viktigt att olika folkslags krav på självbestämmande inte på sikt leder till en totalt fragmenterad och militariserad värld.

Mellan statlig totalkontroll och totalsecessionism ligger oändliga möjligheter. De blir synbara så snart man slutar tala om parterna och vems fel det hela är och ägnar sig åt sakfrågorna: vad är problemet och hur kan vi hjälpa människorna att lösa det? Inte bara parterna utan hela det internationella samfundet har misslyckats om Kosovo-konflikten blir väpnad. Även den som inte anser att risken ökar måste erkänna att läget på sikt är ohållbart.

Den nya situationen i det forna Jugoslavien motiverar kreativa medlings- och våldsförebyggande insatser nu!

Se rapporten UNTANS. Conflict Mitigation for Kosovo med traktat-förslag och parternas synpunkter, TFF 1996.

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