Kalejdoskop 88 – Ekonomin bakom “etniska” konflikter

Akademiska såväl som massmediala beskrivningar av internationell politik inleds numera med fyra politiskt korrekta påståenden, nämligen a) att vi efter det kalla kriget nästan inte har konflikter eller krig mellan stater utan bara inom dem och b) att dessa i grunden handlar om etnicitet, religion, klaner, identitet eller gammalt hat.

För det tredje c) myten om att dessa konflikter nu kommer “upp till ytan” på grund av kommunismens sammanbrott och eftersom att det inte längre finns ett öst- och ett västblock, som tillsammans upprätthåller världsordningen. Slutligen påståendet d) att demokratier är fredliga i den meningen att de inte för krig mot andra demokratier (även om de gör det mot sådana som de själva definierar som odemokratiska).

Varför politiskt korrekta? Därför att dessa mytliknande påståenden bevarar och befrämjar en förståelse av världen, som befriar Västvärlden med USA och EU i spetsen från misstankar om att de kunde vara en medverkande orsak till krig och misär.

Roten till eländet skall alltså entydigt sökas internt i den avlidna kommunismen och i primitiva, fattiga, odemokratiska stater eller “felslagna” stater. Vi andra är per automatik utvalda att “civilisera” dessa, vi har en moralisk mission. Varje intervention kan legitimeras med det goda: hänsynen till att förhindra folkmord, få fram humanitärt bistånd, skapa stabilitet, sprida de (västliga) mänskliga rättigheterna samt de (lika västliga) institutionerna typ flerpartisystem. Ja och hänsynen till marknadsekonomin, men det är okontroversiellt då den hävdas vara den enda möjliga…

På så sätt slipper vi – simsalabim! – ta ställning till frågan om den ekonomiska globaliseringen, allas anpassning till en en-världsekonomi, är en huvudorsak till den växande nöden, konflikter och våld. Vi behöver inte ens diskutera frågan om konflikters politiska ekonomi, krigets rötter i de av västvärldens dominerade ekonomiska strukturerna.

Det finns tillräckligt med mellanstatliga konflikter, t ex mellan EU-länderna och med jämna mellanrum handelskonflikter mellan USA och Japan. Enbart under sin första ämbetsperiod hotade president Clinton med eller genomförde ekonomiska sanktioner mot 35 länder, 42 procent av världens befolkning! Och det finns militära signaler eller direkta krigshandlingar i mängder av mellanstatliga konflikter såsom mellan Irak och Västvärlden, Israel och dess grannar, Jugoslavien-Kroatien-Bosnien, Armenien-Adzerbajdian, Turkiet och Irak, Grekland-Turkiet (plus Cypern), Indien och Pakistan, Nord- och Sydkorea, konflikter om diverse öar mellan Japan, Kina och Taiwan; Georgien och Ryssland, Makedonien och dess fyra grannar, och senast Angolas involvering i f d Zaire och i Kongo Brazzaville. Och vi har den “interna” konflikten i Kambodja, som onekligen under årens lopp har haft omfattande mellanstatliga dimensioner.

“Interna”? I stort sett i alla har det funnits utländska intressen såsom vapenhandel, säkring av fri tillgång till råvaror inklusive olja, marknader, prestige. Merparten av de konfliktdrabbade länderna tillhör eller har tillhört västvärldens intressesfär. På sistone har vi bevittnat hur de två Kongostaternas “interna” konflikter är en konsekvens av fransk-amerikansk konkurrens, av behovet av oljekällor och av vem som höll med vem när det begav sig i Angola.

Eller ta Balkan. Efter att i sekler ha fungerat som “stormakters växelmynt” och under sex år varit objekt för multinationell “konflikthantering” av det internationella “samfundet” – en eufemism som ska ge intryck av att man är eniga om någonting och samarbetar konfliktfritt för att skapa fred – framställs det fortfarande som en intern konflikt mellan tre folkslag!

Opportun okunnighet eller kallblodig handtvagande? I mörka stunder kan man faktiskt fråga sig vad i all sin dar vi ska med “intellektuella” och med “information” i informationssamhället (ursäkta ytterligare två eufemismer)?

Tack och lov finns det enstaka intellektuella, som inte har koopterats helt av statsmakterna och inte tycks trivas bäst i de intellektuella fängelser, som ständigt fler forskningscentra och universitetsinstitut i branschen numera till förväxling liknar – kanske med den skillnaden att man i stället för gårdsvandringen får flyga till ett Sheraton-hotell där man träffas med likasinnade disciplinister och att den randiga uniformen inte sitter på utsidan utan på insidan…

Här kommer tre hederliga studier som jag varmt rekommenderar vad gäller den globala ekonomins fundamentala roll i de “interna” konflikter som de ekonomiskt ledande länderna senare så ädelt intervenerar i för att skapa fred – eller en karikatyr av freden. Detta betyder inte att dessa tre eller jag själv förnekar att det också finns interna orsaker till krigen.

Det rör sig om “Globaliseringfällan. Angreppet på demokrati och välfärd” (Rowolt Verlag 1996, Symposion, Sverige och Zed Press, London 1997) av diplomingeniör Harald Schuman, tidigare Der Spiegel nu Der Morgen och jur.dr. Hans-Peter Martin, Der Spiegel. Den behandlar speciellt den internationella finansmarknadens sociala och politiska konsekvenser, baserat på omfattande intervjuar med ekonomiska makthavare runt om i världen.

Den andra är “One World, Ready or Not. The Manic Logic of Global Capitalism” (Simon & Schuster, 1997) av William Greider, amerikansk redaktör för Rolling Stone. Denna tegelsten till bok med globalt perspektiv konkluderar att ekonomiska faktorer – alla utan demokratisk insyn, för vem har väl valt Världsbankens, de multinationella bolagens eller investmentbolagens makthavare? – styr politiken in i ständigt mer auktoritära banor, som med tiden riskerar att kasta världen ut i en upprepning av det som hände på trettiotalet.

“Vi sår nu frön till nya, stora sociala och ekonomiska konflikter till följd av de inbyggda motsättningarna i denna ‘en värld’-revolution,” hävdar han och advokerar en ny ekonomisk vetenskap och etik för hållbarhet.

Myterna om lån och bistånd som vägen till utveckling penetreras i “The Globalisation of Poverty. Impacts of IMF and World Bank Reforms” (Zed Press, London 1997) av ekonomiprofessorn Michel Chossudovsky från Ottawas Universitet, som under åren har besökt över 100 länder för att få grepp om hur ekonomiska interventioner gör dét för maktpolitiken, som militära interventioner hitintills har gjort, nämligen att disciplinera länder, befolkningar och kulturer to do it our way.

Intensivt, kunnigt och faktaspäckat analyserar han den ekonomiska bakgrunden till Somalia, Rwanda, Indien, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Brasilien, Peru, Bolivia, Ryssland och det forna Jugoslavien – “interna” konflikter, oh be so sure! Det är förtvivlande läsning och kommer givetvis att avfärdas därför att han förklarar de dystra fakta, som “neutrala” organisationer på rad lägger fram som vore de naturlagar.

Det ser ut som om vi förr i tiden förde militära krig och därpå snyggade till det med ekonomiskt hjälp. Numera för vi ekonomiskt krig och framtvingar “fred” med militära medel à la Dayton-Bosnien. Resultaten är makt och underordning.

Det faktum att bara mycket få intellektuella, debattörer och folkliga rörelser öppet debatterar vad den prisade marknadsekonomin som anonymt maktsystem gör med vår Jord är en intellektuell och moralisk skam.

Hur länge till, kan man fråga sig, skall vi vänta på en omfattande reaktion – nymarxistisk, grön, etisk, feminin, buddhistisk? – mot detta en-ekonomi system, som globalt är långt mer auktoritärt och våldsligt än något en-parti system i historien?

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