Kalejdoskop 83 – Väst och Kroatien vid en vändpunkt

Idag den 13 april hålls ett ödesval i det Kroatien som förmodligen också står inför ett ledarskifte. Kommer valet att skapa förutsättningar för ett nytt Kroatien, utan nationalism och auktoritärt presidentstyre? Eller leder valet Kroatien landet än längre bort från “Europa” och från nödvändig nationella försoning efter kriget?
De icke-kroatiska befolkningsgruppernas faktiska rättigheter i landet som helhet och i Östra Slavonien i synnerhet blir helt avgörande för Kroatiens möjligheter till demokratiska utveckling.

Utan demokratiskt sinnelag
Kroatien har hittills saknat en demokratisk anda och en acceptabel politik för minoriteter och mänskliga rättigheter. Det civila samhället är svagt. Dock har Kroatien alltsedan krigsutbrottet 1991 haft Väst som beskyddare, särskilt Tyskland och USA.
Många i väst har inte utan rasistiska undertoner betecknat folk på Balkan som primitiva och drivna politiska skurkar med ett “balkanskt” sinne för våld, lögn och dubbelmoral.
Väst straffade den jugoslaviska och serbiska kampen mot Kroatiens självständighet &endash; men fördömde aldrig i handling den kroatiska nationalismen, som med en ny grundlag, med kulturell arrogans och med militär etnisk rensning har fördrivit mellan 200.000 och 300.000 serber, som nu lever som flyktingar i Bosnien och Serbien och som hemlösa i Östra Slavonien.
Väst stöder Kosovo-albanernas kamp för självständighet eller åtminstone autonomi. Men samma Väst såg aldrig någon anledning att på liknande vis stödja för de kroatiska och bosniska serberna. Väst straffade Serbien till följd av Serbiens militära engagemang i Bosnien.
Kroatien var också militärt engagerat i Bosnien för att skapa en parallell till Storserbien, ett Storkroatien, som sedan dess blivit en realitet med USAs hjälp genom avtalen i Washington och Dayton.
Medan Väst länge fördömde det serbiska engagemanget i Bosnien såg man mellan fingrarna med den kroatiska Hercog-Bosna-staten med huvudstad i Mostar. Det som har skett i Mostar de senaste månaderna är en direkt följd av detta internationella dubbelspel.

FN underminerades i Kroatien
FN kom till krigsområdena i Kroatien 1992. FN skulle avgöra vilken status dessa områden med serbisk befolkningdsmajoritet skulle ha i det nya Kroatien.
Det låg inte i mandatet att dessa områden skulle bli en integrerad del av det självständiga Kroatien &endash; men de kunde bli så. Frågan hamnade i skuggan av kriget i Bosnien och våren 1993 bestämde FNs Säkerhetsråd över huvudet på serberna och FNs egna förhandlare att områdena var en integrerad del av Kroatien. Väst ignorerade alla andra möjligheter, som folkomröstning, autonomi, lokalt självstyre eller konfederation.
Kroatiens eminent duktiga diplomater fick trofén serverad på silverfat &endash; för att sedan först föra krig i Bosnien mot muslimerna och sedan under 1995 med Tysklands och USAs goda minne genomföra två imponerande blixtaktioner (med vapen från båda de nämnda länderna, i strid med FNs vapenembargo).
Serberna flydde hals över huvud och FNs fyra beskyddade zoner i Kroatien reducerades till en enda. Allt detta skedde medan man mäklade fred.
Det nya Kroatien hjälpte USA med att underminera FN och kommer naturligtvis förr eller senare att belönas, t ex med NATO-medlemskap. En central figur i detta dubbelspel var och är USAs Kroatien-ambassadör Galbraith. Kroatien och alls inte muslimerna i Sarajevo är det som varit avgörande för Västs engagemang i det f d Jugoslavien.

Risk för ny mänsklig katastrof
Men varför hela denna historia som bakgrund till en artikel om ett lokalval i Kroatien och om det med valet sammanhängande spelet om Östra Slavonien, det fjärde och sista av de områden som FN övervakar i Kroatien? Jo, för att kunna värdera framtiden &endash; och peka på de lika stora som uppenbara hålen i Västs historiska minne.
För femte året i rad pågår ett internationellt spel om den till Serbien gränsande östslavonska regionen. FN har här genomfört en av sina mest lyckade operationer, men ska försvinna ur området till sommaren.
Före kriget bodde här både serber och kroater. 60.000 kroater har fördrivits från sina hem i området, till följd av krigshandnlingar och serbisk inflyttning. I området bor nu också 80.000 serber, som fördrivits från sina hem på andra platser i Kroatien.

Alla flyktingar vill hem. Men till vad &endash; och vem blir grannen?

Det internationella samfundet måste nu göra klart för Kroatien att detta stora humanitära problem inte kan lösas utan att Kroatien visar en ny beredvillighet, då det gäller att repatriera sina serbiska medborgare till Västra Slavonien och till Krajina-regionen, varifrån de flytt.
En rad uttalanden av kroatiska ledare &endash; att man alltid kan lösa det serbiska problemet på sitt sätt bara FN är borta &endash; bör inte tolereras av omvärlden.
I Säkerhetsrådets senaste resolution heter det försiktigt &endash; man stöter sig inte med vänner &endash; att man “inviterar” Kroatien att demilitarisera Östra Slavonien. Dock nämns inte att fullvärdiga mänskliga rättigheter, ekonomiska specialprogram, en kroatisk försoningspolitik också borde utgöra villkor för att det internationella samfundet ska dra sig tillbaka.
Ett lite längre perspektiv är därför viktigt. Inget i den kroatiska politiken sedan 1989 &endash; 90 ger kunniga observatörer anledning att tro att Kroatien denna gång skulle kunna klara sina problem på demokratisk väg och utan våld. Elizabeth Rehn, FNs sändebud för mänskliga rättigheter, har upprepade gånger påpekat att Kroatien idag hör till de mest etniskt rensade länderna.

Nordiskt initiativ?
Det internationella samfundet kommer att begå en grov dumhet om man försvinner från Kroatien utan att ställa några villkor.
Danmark fungerar f n som ordförandeland i OSSE. På danskt, svenskt eller gemensamt nordiskt initiativ borde snarast en plan utarbetas för hur Östra Slavonien skall demilitariseras (också vad gäller tusentals handeldvapen).
Det är förståeligt att Kroatien inte vill vara “under utländsk administration”. Men FN, OSSE och alla frivilligorganisationer måste genom sin närvaro noga övervaka vad som sker i Kroatien.
Alternativet är ännu en mänsklig katastrof. En sådan kan undvikas &endash; men bara om Europa vill.
Kroatien står därtill förmodligen inför ett ledarskifte. President Franjo Tudjman är moderat i jämförelse med maffian och hökarna i Hercog-Bosna, vilka i stor utsträckning styrt honom. Nu är Tudjman på väg ut ur politiken, antingen till följd av ålder eller av den cancer som ihärdiga rykten hävdar att han lider av. Tiden efter honom lovar inte nödvändigtvis något bättre.

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