Burundi, hvor er det nu det ligger? Det er noget med Hutsier og Tutuer – eller hvad de nu hedder – der laver folkemord med machete-knive på hinanden, noget med fattigdom, korruption, militærdiktatur, nød og elendighed? Det håbløse, mørke Afrika i en bananskal, ikke?

Tjah. Jeg har lige været der.

Der er selvfølgelig noget om snakken. Der er en del årsager til at man ikke hører særligt meget om livet i dette lille land. En af dem er at der ikke foregår noget folkemord for tiden, ingen naturkatastrofer, intet kup. Der er ingen mislykket FN-mission, USA og EU har ingen interesser, Madeleine Halfbright har ikke sagt noget om det, NATO’s Solana ser ikke bombinger i Burundi som afgørende forud for alliancens 50årsdag.

For nogen tid siden da et halvt hundrede mennesker var blevet dræbt valfartede hundreder af journalister med CNN i spidsen dertil . . . men for at komme videre til Kongo hvor ti gange så mange var blevet dræbt. En ti gange så god “historie” altså…

Men i virkeligheden er Burundi lige nu en god historie. Det er en hovedårsag til at Du ikke hører noget derfra. Og dét igen kan betyde at der faktisk er en chance for at de 6 millioner skal få det lidt bedre og ro deres interessante freds- og forsoningsprojekt i land. Måske! For risikoen for det modsatte lurer lige om hjørnet, hver dag. Selv holder jeg vejret og vil gerne tro på, at det jeg så under 14 dages besøg vi vise sig at være rimeligt holdbart. Med lidt held.

Sådan hér er det. 80% af befolkningen hverken kan læse eller skrive, bare et par procent taler fransk. Intellektuelle var speciellt objekter under folkemordene. Hovedstaden Bujumbura og landets ledelse er stort set på Tutsi-minoritetens hænder, mens Hutu-majoriteten – og andre grupper – føler sig stærkt marginaliseret, både dem der er blevet i landet og dem, der stadig bor i udlandet og ikke vover at vende hjem. I de sidste 30-40 år har man slået mindst en halv million, inklusive familiemedlemmer og folk fra ens egen gruppe, ihjel.

Der er udgangsforbud fra midnat til kl 05.00, vejspærringer rundt om hovedstaden, som man ikke kan køre ind til efter 17.00. Der er kvarterer i Bujumbura hvor en hutu-minister ville blive skudt på stedet hvis han steg ud af sin bil – som konger, præsidenter og statsministre i stribevis er blevet det. Der myrdes mennesker hver dag et eller andet sted i dagens Burundi.

Bevæbnede “rebeller” lurer i bjerge og bakker – og dem er der mange af – på en lejlighed til at gribe magten. De synes at blive støttet af Kabila’s Kongo og af Tanzania – hvis landsfader Julius Nyerere for øvrigt optræder i rollen som ikke helt neutral fredsmægler i de såkaldte Arusha-møder, den “ydre” fredsproces hvor ikke færre en 19 delegationer fra Burundi mødes for at snakke om fremtiden.

Dette et af verdens fattigste lande bruger formentlig omkring 40% af sit statsbudget til militæret. Der er naturligvis ikke demokrati hér, der findes ingen journalistuddannelse og bare en håndfuld enkle “aviser;” man kan ikke købe internationale aviser, der er kun to trykpresser og den nationale radio – den eneste der når ud i bushen – er under regeringens kontrol. Der er kun én professor i international politik (deltidsansat) på det eneste universitet, der forøvrigt er lukket lige nu fordi studenterne strejker.

Sundhedssektoren skal vi bare ikke tale om, det véd jeg efter at have taget en ung, døende kvinde med malaria til et sygehuset i Kirundo-provinsen og blive afkrævet formue i lokale penge for at de overhovedet ville undersøge hende.

Og konflikternes politiske, historiske, psykologiske og konstitutionelle baggrund synes mindst lige så kompliceret end i f.eks. det tidligere Jugoslavien. Og det er med garanti heller ikke en etnisk konflikt.

Men sådan hér er det også: Der foregår som sagt fredsforhandlinger i Arusha; ikke ideelle men langt mere seriøse, dybtgående og tillidsskabende over tid end f.eks. Dayton og Rambouillet. Man regner med en underskrift på en national fredsaftale i år. Sidste år påbegyndtes en intern fredsproces med en rundbordssamtale i Gitega, der ledte til magtfordelings-aftale, især med henblik på at forbedre samarbejdet mellem det hutu-dominerede parlament og den tutsi-dominerede regering. Cirka halvdelen af alle ministre er hutu-er.

Der er vedtaget en overgangs-grundlov, der forbinder 1992-grundloven med et overgangsdekret fra President Pierre Buyoya, der tog magten ved et kup i 1996 og synes stærkt opsat på at få det her samfund på fredelig fod – selvom en del med god ret vil mene at det ikke er en retfærdig, fredelig fod.

Endvidere søger man sig til sine klassiske konfliktløsningsmekanismer, dem der findes i alle samfund, men ignoreres af vestlige konfliktløsere. Stikordet i Burundi er “Abashingantahe;” det er et råd af vise mænd (nu også kvinder) hvor den enkelte gennem indbyggernes konsensus er blevet udvalgt og prøvet i årevis på tre kriterier: at han eller hun søger sandhed, har moralsk integritet og er retfærdig. De fandtes traditionelt i hver en flække og omkring kongen, de var “folkets øjne og øren.”

Præsidenten har nu udpeget et nationalt Abashingantahe-råd med konsultativ status. Naturligtvis burde de ikke håndplukkes oppefra, men det er interessant at en institution, der kørtes i sænk for mange årtier siden af blandt andet den belgiske forvaltning nu dukker op, når landet søger identitet og forsoning efter historisk unikke massemord.

For nylig har man åbnet 40 pladser i parlamentet for folkelige bevægelser, og dem er der mange af i hvert fald i Bujumbura. På denne kreative måde vil man forankre fredsprocessen i det civile samfund og inddrage folk direkte i politiken.

Der er tre fremragende ministre, intellektuelt gode, ydmyge, kreative. Uddannelsesministeren vil indføre undervisning i fred, konfliktløsning og forsoning og skabe en særlig uddannelse for tiden efter en fredsaftale hvor demobiliserede soldater – der er meget unge – kan reintegreres og få job. Menneskeretsministeren – jo, en sådan findes – knokler med landets enorme problemer og lytter til alle gode råd om forsoningskommissioner, menneskerettighedsuddannelse, osv. Ministeren for fredsprocessen – jo, en sådan findes – har overblik over de to fredsprocesser og langsigtet strategi.

Ingen af dem er bange for at sige. “Dette har vi endnu ingen løsning på, men vi arbejder på det. Hvad synes Du vi kan gøre.” Jeg véd ikke hvordan de andre ministre er. Jeg traf samme ånd og åbenhed hos rådgivere til presidenten og hos adskillige folkelige organisationer.

De fortjener alt mulig støtte. Nu.

Hvis alt går vel – og det gør det jo ikke altid – kan burundierne blive pionérer for fred og forsoning. Hvis de kan lykkes efter det voldsvanvid de har været igennem, burde alle kunne. På 14 dage hørte jeg mere ægte fredsvilje, jeg så flere frø til forsoning og dybere politisk engagement for sameksistens – på alle sider – end jeg har hørt og set i 8 år i det tidligere Jugoslavien.

PhD, Peace & future researcher + ‌Art Photographer, Professor Emeritus and media commentator

Related Posts

LONDON – So far so good, at least on the wider level. While internally Iraq seems on the edge of chaos, the much heralded clash of civilizations between the Muslim and Judaeo-Christian worlds has yet to become apparent. We have anger and despair aplenty in the Arab and Muslim worlds. But very little rushing to the standard and there was no great pilgrimage of warriors to join the fight, as happened when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan twenty years ago, and then, having driven the Red Army out, were left to ferment in that mountainous redoubt. With the armaments supplied by the CIA the mujahidin were transformed into Al Qaeda that became, for a relatively brief moment as these things go, ‘the greatest threat to the homeland that America has ever known.’ Nevertheless a ‘Cold War’ between much of the Muslim world and the West is certainly in full swing. Winston...
The Challenge of Nuclear Weaponsin the Twenty-first CenturyA Path Forward The peoples and governments of the world face an urgent challenge relating to weaponry of mass destruction and particularly to nuclear weaponry.  At the crossroads of technology, terrorism, geopolitical ambition, and policies of preemption are new and potent dangers for humanity. Despite ending the nuclear standoff of the Cold War era, nuclear weaponry is again menacing the peoples of the world with catastrophic possibilities.  We recognize the need for any government to pursue its security interests in accordance with international law; and further, we recognize that distinctive threats to these interests now exist as a result of an active international terrorist network having declared war on the United States and its allies. Nonetheless, we reject the assessment of the current US administration that upgrading a reliance on nuclear weapons is in any sense justified as a response. We find it...
By Karin Wegestal MP, the Social Democratic Partyon behalf of the Swedish Committee for Solidarity with the Yugoslav People During the last decade, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has received more than 500,000 refugees from Croatia and Bosnia, and another 300,000 internally displaced persons, mainly from the province Kosovo and Metohia. For a country with about ten million inhabitants, such an influx of homeless people is obviously a very heavy burden – even under peaceful conditions. But in addition to that, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has been the subject to sanctions from the western powers for close to ten years and its infrastructure was badly hurt through Nato’s intense bombardment during 78 days in 1999. The result of all this is that Yugoslavia, once the most developed industrial country in Eastern Europe, is today the poorest country in Europe. In Serbia excluding Kosovo, with about ten million inhabitants and...

Recent Articles

UNITE-tillid, DREAM-velstand og andre konstruktive komponenter Normally we publish articles in English here. But this is a translation of a very important TFF document that should reach as many as possible in Denmark since this country’s government has been one of the most hardline in Europe and, up till now at least, has refused to use diplomacy and, instead, spent tremendous sums on arming Ukraine with the express goal of defeating Russia. Thus this – unique – article is in Danish. Vi er Johnny Baltzersen og hans Fælles Sikkerhed – Fælles Fremtid på Substack overmåde taknemmelige for at have oversat og publiceret TFF’s 2025-portfølje for fredsidéer med henblik på Ukraines fremtid. Vi håber den nu kan nå mange flere danskere – som også vil sprede den og skabe debat – nu den danske regerings og folketingspartiernes politik på dette område siden 2022 står nu – forudsigeligt – ved vejs ende....
Jan Oberg TFF director October 28, 2026 Exactly one month has now passed since I published my criticism of the introduction to the special issue on Johan Galtung published by the Journal of Global Security Studies, JoGSS, and of Tor Egil Førland’s chapter about Galtung which serves as a preview to his forthcoming biography of Galtung to be published by PRIO. See the original on The Transnational here and the same article on TFF Substack with many general and critical comments and, in particular, the people who decided to withdraw from the biography project in protest. The special issue itself was extraordinary. It was devoted to the intellectual legacy of one of the founders of peace research and contained a number of strong assessments of his personality, scholarship, intellectual trajectory, and public role. Such assessments are, of course, entirely legitimate. No scholar is beyond criticism, and neither was Johan Galtung....
An aspect of Iran’s culture and civilisation you’ve probably never heard about. Don’t be surprised if the US and Israel also try to bomb them. Jan ObergTFF director October 26, 2026 Today – under the “USraeli” threat of new “annihilating” bombings – opens the 7th International Conference on Peace and Conflict Resolution at Tehran’s University. As far as I can tell, this is the only permanent, advanced peace research institution in West Asia/the Middle East. Perhaps more countries in that region could be inspired? I mean, how many military “security” institutes and military academies do they have? Many peace research institutes and university departments have been established since the 1950s in the West. They are now all under attack; some have closed down, some have gone mainstream, yet others kept the name but do nothing to research peace and disseminate results or advice; instead, they cooperate with militarism’s platforms such...

TFF on Substack

Discover and subscribe to more peace materials on TFF Substack

Most Popular

UNITE-tillid, DREAM-velstand og andre konstruktive komponenter Normally we publish articles in English here. But this is a translation of a very important TFF document that should reach as many as possible in Denmark since this country’s government has been one of the most hardline in Europe and, up till now at least, has refused to use diplomacy and, instead, spent tremendous sums on arming Ukraine with the express goal of defeating Russia. Thus this – unique – article is in Danish. Vi er Johnny Baltzersen og hans Fælles Sikkerhed – Fælles Fremtid på Substack overmåde taknemmelige for at have oversat og publiceret TFF’s 2025-portfølje for fredsidéer med henblik på Ukraines fremtid. Vi håber den nu kan nå mange flere danskere – som også vil sprede den og skabe debat – nu den danske regerings og folketingspartiernes politik på dette område siden 2022 står nu – forudsigeligt – ved vejs ende....
Jan Oberg TFF director October 28, 2026 Exactly one month has now passed since I published my criticism of the introduction to the special issue on Johan Galtung published by the Journal of Global Security Studies, JoGSS, and of Tor Egil Førland’s chapter about Galtung which serves as a preview to his forthcoming biography of Galtung to be published by PRIO. See the original on The Transnational here and the same article on TFF Substack with many general and critical comments and, in particular, the people who decided to withdraw from the biography project in protest. The special issue itself was extraordinary. It was devoted to the intellectual legacy of one of the founders of peace research and contained a number of strong assessments of his personality, scholarship, intellectual trajectory, and public role. Such assessments are, of course, entirely legitimate. No scholar is beyond criticism, and neither was Johan Galtung....
An aspect of Iran’s culture and civilisation you’ve probably never heard about. Don’t be surprised if the US and Israel also try to bomb them. Jan ObergTFF director October 26, 2026 Today – under the “USraeli” threat of new “annihilating” bombings – opens the 7th International Conference on Peace and Conflict Resolution at Tehran’s University. As far as I can tell, this is the only permanent, advanced peace research institution in West Asia/the Middle East. Perhaps more countries in that region could be inspired? I mean, how many military “security” institutes and military academies do they have? Many peace research institutes and university departments have been established since the 1950s in the West. They are now all under attack; some have closed down, some have gone mainstream, yet others kept the name but do nothing to research peace and disseminate results or advice; instead, they cooperate with militarism’s platforms such...
Read More
TFFPortfolioVign
UNITE-tillid, DREAM-velstand og andre konstruktive komponenter Normally we publish articles in English here. But this is a translation of a very important TFF document that should reach as many as possible in Denmark since this country’s government has been one of the most hardline in Europe and, up till now at least, has refused to use diplomacy and, instead, spent tremendous sums on arming Ukraine with the express goal of defeating Russia. Thus this – unique – article is in Danish. Vi er Johnny Baltzersen og hans Fælles Sikkerhed – Fælles Fremtid på Substack overmåde taknemmelige for at have oversat og publiceret TFF’s 2025-portfølje for fredsidéer med henblik på Ukraines fremtid. Vi håber den nu kan nå mange flere danskere – som også vil sprede den og skabe debat – nu den danske regerings og folketingspartiernes politik på dette område siden 2022 står nu – forudsigeligt – ved vejs ende....
JoGSS-Silent
Jan Oberg TFF director October 28, 2026 Exactly one month has now passed since I published my criticism of the introduction to the special issue on Johan Galtung published by the Journal of Global Security Studies, JoGSS, and of Tor Egil Førland’s chapter about Galtung which serves as a preview to his forthcoming biography of Galtung to be published by PRIO. See the original on The Transnational here and the same article on TFF Substack with many general and critical comments and, in particular, the people who decided to withdraw from the biography project in protest. The special issue itself was extraordinary. It was devoted to the intellectual legacy of one of the founders of peace research and contained a number of strong assessments of his personality, scholarship, intellectual trajectory, and public role. Such assessments are, of course, entirely legitimate. No scholar is beyond criticism, and neither was Johan Galtung....
Screenshot 2026-10-26 115647
An aspect of Iran’s culture and civilisation you’ve probably never heard about. Don’t be surprised if the US and Israel also try to bomb them. Jan ObergTFF director October 26, 2026 Today – under the “USraeli” threat of new “annihilating” bombings – opens the 7th International Conference on Peace and Conflict Resolution at Tehran’s University. As far as I can tell, this is the only permanent, advanced peace research institution in West Asia/the Middle East. Perhaps more countries in that region could be inspired? I mean, how many military “security” institutes and military academies do they have? Many peace research institutes and university departments have been established since the 1950s in the West. They are now all under attack; some have closed down, some have gone mainstream, yet others kept the name but do nothing to research peace and disseminate results or advice; instead, they cooperate with militarism’s platforms such...
Screenshot 2026-10-15 141837
Let’s discuss using AI to create peace – in contrast to boring geopolitics devoid of creative healing and visions. Jan Oberg TFF director October 15, 2026 I asked VEED to create a short video exemplifying how peace is preferable to war, then chose the lady as a template. Simple as that. In less than a minute, it produced this video, which any peace-loving person would appreciate. The only problem is that human intelligence (HI), at least the one that exists among Western decision-makers, isn’t half as moral or smart as AI. I have used AI to dialogue about peace and peace plans, creative conflict resolution and visions of a better future for humankind. It so happens that I am having more stimulating, intelligent, creative and moral discussions with AI than I could possibly have with any EU or NATO leader today. Yes, AI has very problematic and dangerous aspects; used...
girl-5894831_1280
Below are TFF-related media mentions, comments, videos and social media posts published elsewhere but not on this homepage. We happen to catch and list only a fraction. Regarding video comments and debates, we recommend that you go to the TFF Video Channel on Substack where many of them are reproduced. Jan Oberg is a contributor to China Daily – 52 million daily clicks – and Global Times, CGTN and CCTV (the national television), China Investment, Xinhua News Agency and several others. Articles and videos on these media very often multiply into countless Chinese (and Western media) that re-post them from these main media. Thanks to The China Academy, his analyses, interviews and comments are frequently posted on YouTube channels such as Thinkers Forum and Wave Media. These videos are often re-posted on Bilibili (China’s YouTube), the China Content Center on TikTok, and on the Chinese edition of TikTok, Douyin.com. This means reaching hundreds of millions of viewers worldwide over a year. While there are too many to catch on all these...
Nobel-Prize-Plaque
Jan Oberg TFF director October 13, 2026 According to Alfred Nobel’s will, the Nobel Peace Prize shall be awarded: ”to the person who has done the most or best to advance fellowship among nations, the abolition or reduction of standing armies, and the establishment and promotion of peace congresses.” Further down, he also expresses how the prize for the “champions of peace” shall be decided: “that for champions of peace by a committee of five persons to be selected by the Norwegian Storting. Alfred Nobel’s will is remarkably short and clear. But few seem to have read it. Nobel did not say that the committee itself should consist of members of parliament. He entrusted the Storting with appointing five persons. In principle, it could have selected diplomats, mediators, peace researchers, conflict-resolution specialists, or other individuals with recognised expertise in matters of peace from around the world. Instead, the Storting gradually...