Kalejdoskop 55 – OSCEs topmøde – nye veje, også på Balkan

Danmark har til årsskiftet formandsskabet i OSCE, den Europæiske Sikkerheds- og Samarbejdsorganisation og der skal være topmøde i København 18-19. december. I København bør energien bruges til konkrete handlinger og ikke spildes på floromvundne udtalelser.

I perioden 1975-85 profilerede OSCE sig ved menneskerettigheder, kontakter, information, kultur og uddannelse. Mellem 1986 og 1992 tilkom tillids- og sikkerhedsskabende tiltag og våbenkontrol. Og med Paris Chartret fra 1990 ligger tyngdepunktet på folkeretten, demokrati, markedsliberale reformer, social retfærdighed og miljøaspekter samt, fra 1994, forebyggende diplomati, konfliktforebyggelse, krisestyring og kooperativ sikkerhed. I 15 af verdens brændpunkter har vi OSCE-missioner hvor der gøres et imponerene arbejde, der sjældent når ud i medierne.

Medlemsstaterne, der skønt navnet også regner USA og Canada, er øget fra 34 i 1990 til 55 i dag og verden er gledet ind i en fase hvor OSCEs og FNs målsætninger og erfaringer er langt mere relevante end NATOs og f.eks. den Vest-Europæiske Union, VEU.

Man opdager ofte menneskers og landes faktiske prioriteringer ved at se på hvad de bruger penge på. USAs militære budget er godt 250 000 mill. US $ per år, NATOs samlede 430 000 mill. US $, Rusland formodentlig omkring 25 000 mill US $. FN med alle underorganisationer og fredsbevarende missioner koster sølle 10 000 mill. US $.

OSCEs budget er på 66 mill. US$ per år eller godt 1 million US$ i gennemsnit per medlemsstat. Heraf går 1,25 mill. US $ til dets Konfliktforebyggende Center.

OSCE får desuden en række frivilligbidrag, der for 1997s vedkommende var på omkring 63 millioner mill US$ til de netop afholdte valg og forskellige demokrati-projekter. OSCE i Kroatien koster nu godt 6 mill US $ med et forventet 1998 budget på 21 mill US$. Der satses således lige så meget i Bosnien og Kroatien som på hele organisationen.

Men se! Trods alle besværgelser om det modsatte prioriterer vore regeringer ved afslutningen af det 20. århundrede – historiens mest brutale – voldelige snarere end fredelige midler i deres søgen efter sikkerhed. Helt ude af trit med tiden.

På denne baggrund følger hér en række forslag til tiltag for Københavns-mødet:

1) OSCEs menneskelige og økonomiske resourcer må øges. Så urealistisk det end måtte lyder ville et ti gange så højt budget være rimeligt for at kunne håndtere de meget komplekse konflikter, regeringerne har lagt over på OSCE.

2) Det Konfliktforebyggende Center må gøres til en central, effektiv institution. Det må blive i stand til at foretage selvstændig indsamling af data for indikatorer på konfliktstrukturer og direkte spænding, der kan lede til vold, samt en almen monitorering af før-voldelige situationer. Det skal kunne foretage uafhængige konfliktanalyser, områdestudier og tidligt varsling af voldspotentiale.

3) Der bør oprettes et specielt beredskap for de psyko-sociale aspekter af alle konflikter -forsoning, tilgivelse, smerte- og sorgbearbejdning, sandhedskommissioner, regenerering af de (lokale) civile samfund og lignende psyko-sociale indsatser, der er stærkt relevante under efterkrigs-normalisering – og dermed kan fungere som forbyggende i forhold til nye konflikter eller de gamles genopblussen.

4) En systematisk, intern uddannelse og træning af personnel må iværksættes, så det blir professionelle og ikke amatører, der sendes ud for at mægle, forhandle og forsone.

5) Der er brug for en offentlig debat om den “Sikkerhedsmodel for det 21. århundrede” OSCE i flere år har arbejdet med. Den bør drage lærdomme af at hundreder af millioner mennesker er bukket under i krige og underudvikling i dette århundrede med sin ligeså enestående tekniske og økonomiske udvikling.

En sikkerhedsmodel for det 21. århundrede må tage udgangspunkt i tre ganske vist omfattende udfordringer: a) Hvordan reducerer vi den direkte vold, især krige, og delegitimerer våbene som vi engang delegetimerede slaveriet? b) Hvordan reducerer vi den strukturelle vold, den der ikke sker i krige men som følge af sociale og økonomiske systemer? og c) Hvorledes går vi langsomt men sikkert over til en sikkerheds- og udviklingstænkning, der inddrager alternativer i forhold til andre mennesker, andre kulturer og Naturen?

Endelig er der Europas og USAs knude, Balkan. Det er tid at lægge stilen om og skifte gear og opdage at det handler om andre ting end Bosnien og krigsforbryderne.

FN mission i Østre Slavonien, Kroatien – UNTAES – skal trækkes ud og erstattes af en mindre udgave allerede 15. januar 1998. OSCE blir da den vigtigste i området.

Hvad der står på spil i de allernærmeste uger og måneder er, kort udtrykt dette: Skal en større eller mindre andel af de tilbageblevne omkring 100.000 serbere flygte til Bosnien eller Jugoslavien eller skal de kunne vende tilbage til sine byer i Kroatien, alternativt leve fredeligt med de nuværende kroater i regionen og de kroater, der venter på at komme tilbage til den?

Mere end noget andet er der brug for at give sikkerhed og psyko-social assistance til såvel den serbiske minoritet som til de kroater, der formodes at vende tilbage til området. Den kroatiske regering bygger stadigvæk på idéen om etnisk rensning, nu med bureaukratiske raffinementer. Men vist er det da glædeligt at Kroatien har vedtaget et nationalt forsoningsprogram. Nu behøver det hjælp at gøre det.

Hvis bare nogle få tusind til flygter vil det internationale samfund, herunder altså især OSCE, have fejlet moralsk og politisk og vi står overfor endnu en flygtningestrøm i Europa. Det må ikke ske. Det må ikke – igen – komme som en overraskelse for Europas politiker! Derfor:

6) OSCE mission i Østre Slavonien må forstærkes, kvantitativt såvel som kvalitativt, og få et mere robust mandat i forhold til den kroatiske regering.

7) Jugoslavien (Serbien og Montenegro), der blev suspenderet i 1991, må med igen. Så kan OSCE atter engagerer sig på korrekt måde i Kosovo, Vojvodina og Sandjak. Specielt i Kosovo vil det ikke gå godt hvis der ikke, for første gang siden 1991, gøres en professionel mæglingsindsats.

8) Det bør vedtages at igangsætte en “Helsinki”-process for hele Balkan i hvilken også ikke-statslige organisationer med ekspertise i området deltager. Dette har længe været velmotiveret udfra det faktum at alt i denne region hænger sammen med alt andet.

Disse og lignende konkrete forslag vil ikke blot kunne bringe ny energi ind i håndteringen af de mange konflikter; de vil også profilere OSCE på en måde denne potentielt strålende organisation har alt mulig brug for. Og de vil bidrag til at forebygge noget af den fremtidige vold. Det hele afhænger af den politiske vilje til også at ekspandere de civile, humanitære midler sikkerheds- og fredspolitiken.

PhD, Peace & future researcher + ‌Art Photographer, Professor Emeritus and media commentator

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