Tilgivelse indebærer at man acceptere den, der har gjort forkerte ting og angrer det. Forsoning er en klarlæggelse og accept af det skete og en viljesmæssig beslutning om at komme videre og se fremad. Vi kan tilgive et andet menneske for dets gerninger og dermed give det en ny start. Vi forsones med faktum og med den skyldige og eventuelt også med at vi selv har været en medvirkende årsag til at det gik som det gik.

Hverken tilgivelse eller forsoning handler om at glemme det skete. Gode venner af mig, der er kvækere, mistede for nogle år siden deres søn og kommende svigerdatter i en bilulykke som følge af en anden bilists helt uansvarlig kørsel. Det var vigtigt for dem at træffe det menneske, der havde forvoldt dem så dyb en smerte. Mens strafudmålingen var dem ligegyldig var deres budskab: “Vi kan tilgive Dig som menneske, men vi kan aldrig glemme hvad Du har gjort.”

Man kan således vælge at være “blød” overfor mennesket og “hård” overfor handlingen. Det forudsætter en evne til at adskille den handlende fra handlingen, noget vi alle er bedre til når vi selv begår dumheder end når andre gør det.

Straf adskiller sig fundamentalt fra forsoning og tilgivelse. Den der straffer en anden stiller sig til doms og overvejer ikke om han eller hun selv var en medvirkende årsag til ugerningen. Først efter afstraffelse kan den skyldige håbe på vor tilgivelse. Straffen er også mere afskrækkende: se hér, sådan vil det gå Jer hvis I gør som denne lovovertræder!

Det er ikke mærkeligt at vi for at opretholde samfundsordenen har højtuddannede professionelle og myndigheder, der arbejder med at straffe. Men det er mærkeligt at vi, med undtagelse af præster og psykologer og andre sjælesørgere, stort set ikke har nogen, der hjælper til tilgivelse og forsoning samt konfliktforståelse og -løsning og voldsforebyggelse. Det er jo som oftest i konfliktsituationer vi gør hinanden uret.

Forsoning og tilgivelse betragtes ofte som straffens svage lillebror. Satanerne iblandt os skal faktisk ikke slippe så let som bare at blive tilgivet. De skal kunne mærke det, det skal ikke kunne “betale” sig at begå forbrydelser. At se andre blive straffet kan desuden mindske vor egen (retfærdige) smerte eller ligefrem glæde os.

Måske er det markedstænkningen, der også på dette område er ved at få overhånd? Det er lettere at arbejde med straf for den kan kvantificeres i f.eks. tid og penge; til en vis størrelse ugerning svarer en vis størrelse straf og til dén svarer en så og så stor afskrækkende effekt på formodede forbrydere. Tilgivelse og forsoning handler derimod om noget, der ikke kan måles og vejes. Og nok så vigtigt, de åbner op for et personligt møde uafhængigt af eksperter, myndigheder og domstole.

Det såkaldt internationale samfund vil have krigsforbryderne fra ex-Jugoslavien til Haag. Men hvem bør tages med i betragtning i en sådan situation? Her vil jeg nævne: 1) først og fremmest ofrene for forbrydelserne, som vil se en anerkendelse af hvad der er overgået dem og have oprettelse/hævn; 2) dem, der udførte forbrydelserne som f.eks. soldater og paramilitære grupper, 3) dem, der gav ordre til at udføre ugerningerne, altså officerer og bandeledere, 4) dem, der udtænkte og planlagde forbrydelserne, såsom politiske ledere på forskellige niveauer, 5) dem, der muliggjorde forbrydelserne såsom internationale våbenhandlere, militære rådgivere, lejesoldater og agenter og andre, der brød mod internationale aftaler og dermed forlængede krigen, samt — og det vil naturligtvis være urealistiskt — 6) dem, der i en eller anden forstand bidrog til det hele udenfor Jugoslavien, individer og organisationer i det internationale samfund.

Jeg tror Haag-Tribunalen i stigende grad vil fremstå som en politisk skueret. Den amerikanske udenrigsminister har været på lynvisit og tordnet at krigsforbryderne skal stilles for retten. Det må være spil for medierne, endnu engang!

Dette er hvad en politisk kynisk, i USA uddannet menneskerettighedsekspert, med adskillige år på bagen i ex-Jugoslavien sagde til mig for nogle uger siden i Bosnien: “Amerikanerne og andre i Vest har så effektive militære og civile, elektroniske og menneskelige metoder for dataindsamling at de må formodes at vide stort set alt om hvem der gjorde hvad, hvor og hvornår under krigen. Der er blot det ved det at de akter, der indtil nu er offentliggjort om enkelte forbrydelser og forbrydere, er politiskt valgte. Der må findes langt mere under isbjergets top, man har blot ikke fundet det opportunt at offentliggøre dette materiale.”

Det er min erfaring at de fleste, der har mistet deres nære og kære som følge af krigsforbrydelser ønsker at se gerningsmændene bragt til Haag; det giver dem oprettelse og, ikke sjældent, hævn. Men hvem? Da svarer man ofte en lokal forbryder eller de navne, de internationale samfund har peget på. Langt de fleste er aldeles på det klare med at de egentlige forbrydere er “dem deroppe”, de der udtænkte det hele og fik magt og rigdom og at de ikke kommer til Haag, fordi de er det internationale samfunds partnere.

Få peger på de menige knoldesparkere, der — efter år af effektiv nationalistisk propaganda, iklædt uniformer eller Rambo-outfit og i en falleret økonomi blev lokket med nogle få hundrede DM eller dollar — gjorde det beskidte arbejde. Selektive tribunaler som den i Haag vil kun ramme smålande og småforbrydere.

Haag-tribunalen er utroværdig fordi den ikke tar fat på nogle af ovenstående seks grupper og ikke indebærer en mulighed til national forsoning. Jeg forudser at den vil løbe tør for penge. Menneskene i det tidligere Jugoslavien har krav på noget andet og bedre. Og en neutral, for alle gældende, international krigsforbryderdomstol er ikke lige om hjørnet, dertil har de store for meget i klemme.

For fremtidens skyld er det vigtigt at give de skyldige — dem alle — en mulighed for at fortælle sandheden og bede om tilgivelse for deres gerninger. Mekanismer for straf og accept af hævnen bør ikke overskygge den sandhed at forsoning er nødvendig. Hér gøres i dag alt for lidt.

Det er derfor klogt allerede nu at skabe en sandhedskommission for hele det tidligere Jugoslavien og en forsoningskommission i hver af de nye republikker.

Peace & future researcher + ‌Art Photographer

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