Kalejdoskop 48 – Vesten og Kroatien ved et vendepunkt -en dansk mulighet

Der skal være valg i Kroatien den 13. april. Deres resultat vil enten pege i retning af et nyt Kroatien på vej væk fra autoritært præsidentstyre og nationalisme eller bringe landet endnu længere væk fra hvad det gode selskab, der lidt uklart kaldes “Europa” og fra den nødvendige nationale forsoning. Prøvestenen herfor vil være de ikke-kroatiske folkegruppers faktiske rettigheder og mulighed i landet som helhed og i Østre Slavonien i særdeleshed.

Det turde være hævet over enhver tvivl at Kroatien – ligesom resten af det Balkan, det nægter slægtskab med – savner en demokratisk ånd og acceptabel politik for minoriteter og menneskerettigheder. Det civile samfund er svagt. Den eneste forskel er at Kroatien fra krigsudbruddet i 1991 har haft Vesten, især Tyskland og USA, som beskytter.

Mange i Vest har, ikke uden racistisk undertoner, betegnet folk på Balkan som primitive og drevne politiske skurke med en “balkansk” flair for vold, løgn og dobbel-moral. Dén slags er dog kun et røgslør over Vestens egen “Balkanisering.”

For kan man betegne det internationale såkaldte “samfunds” virke i det tidligere Jugoslavien som andet end dobbeltmoralsk, moraliserende? Vesten straffede den jugoslaviske og serbiske kamp mod Kroatiens selvstændighed men fordømte aldrig i handling dén kroatiske nationalisme, som med en ny grundlov, en politik for etnisk rensning, en kulturel arrogance og endelig med militær har fordrevet mellem 200 000 og 300 000 legitime serbiske statsborgere, som nu lever som flygtninge i Bosnien og Serbien og som forflyttede i Østre Slavonien.

Vesten støtter Kosovo-albanernes kamp for selvstændighed eller i det mindste autonomi, men så ingen anledning til at gøre det samme for de kroatiske (og bosniske) serbere. Vesten straffede Serbien og dermed kroatiske og bosniske serbere på grund af Serbiens militære engagement i Bosnien og den skånselsløse ødelæggelse af f.eks. Vukovar. Men Vukovar røg ikke som en konsekves af svaghed men fordi Kroatien valgte at være militært engageret i Bosnien – for at skabe sin parallel til Storserbien:det Storkroatien som siden blev en realitet med USAs Washington- og senere Daytonaftale.

Mens Vest længe fordømte den serbiske republik i Bosnien så det gennem fingre med den i enhver henseende mindre legitime kroatiske Herceg-Bosna stat med hovedstad i Mostar. Det der er foregået de sidste uger i Mostar er en direkte konsekvens af dette internationale dobbeltspil.

I 1992 kom FN til Kroatien for, som det hed, at muliggøre en løsning på de serbiske majoritetsområders fremtidige status. Det lå ikke i mandatet at disse var en integreret del af det nye selvstændige Kroatien, men de kunne blive det. Sagen havnede i skyggen af Bosnien-krigene og i foråret 1993 bestemte Sikkerhedsrådet over hovedet på serberne og FNs egne forhandlere at områderne var en integreret del af Kroatien. Vesten blæste på andre muligheder som folkeafstemning, autonomi, lokalt selvstyre eller konføderation.

Kroatiens eminent dygtige diplomater fik trofæet serveret på et sølvfad – for siden at føre krig i Bosnien mod muslimerne og derpå i 1995 med USAs og Tysklands accept at gennemføre to imponerende militære lynoperationer (med våben fra dem begge, i strid med FNs våbenembargo). Serbere flygtede over hals og hoved og FNs fire beskyttelses-zoner blev rendt over ende. Det skete altsammen mens man mæglede fred.

Det lille nye Kroatien hjalp USA med at underminere FN og vil naturligvis en dag blive belønnet, f.eks. med NATO-medlemsskab. En central figur i dette dobbeltspil var og er USAs Kroatien-ambassadør Galbraith. Kroatien og aldeles ikke muslimerne i Sarajevo er krumtappen i Vests engagement i det tidligere Jugoslavien.

Men hvorfor nu hele denne historie som baggrund til lokalvalg og spillet om Østre Slavonien? For at kunne vurdere fremtiden og de åbenlyse huller i Vestens hukommelse.

På femte år foregår et international spil om den østslavoniske region ind mod Serbien. FN har en af sine mest vellykkede operationer dér, men den skal forsvinde til sommer. Udover de oprindelige kroater og serbere findes her op imod 80 000 fordrevne serbere og 60 000 kroater som flygtede fra sine hjem på grund af krigshandlinger og den serbiske indflytning. Begge parter vil altså hjem. Men til hvad, og hvem er naboen?

Det internationale samfund må nu gøre det meget klart for Kroatien at dette store humanitære problem ikke kan løses uden at Kroatien viser en ny beredvillighed i handling at repatriere sine serbiske medborgere til Vestre Slavonien og Krajina-regionen hvorfra de er flygtet. Flere udtalelser fra kroatiske ledere om at man jo altid kan løse serber-problemet på sin egen måde når FN er borte bør heller ikke tolereres længere.

I den seneste Sikkerhedsråds-resolution siges det forsigtigt – man støde sig ikke med venner – at man “inviterer” Kroatien til at afmilitarisere Østre Slavonien. Der står ikke at fuldt acceptable vilkår for menneskelige rettigheder, økonomiske specialprogrammer, en kroatisk national forsningspolitik etc samt afmilitarisering udgør vilkår for at det internationale samfund skal trække sig ud.

Det lidt længere perspektiv er derfor vigtigt. Intet i kroatisk politik siden 1989-90 giver kyndige observatører anledning til at tro at Kroatien nu kan klare sine problemer på demokratisk, ikkevoldelige vis eller at minoriteters skæbne trygt kan lægges i den kroatiske stats hænder. Landet hører i dag til de mest politiskt etnisk rensede. Elizabeth Rehn, FNs sendebud for menneskelige rettigheder, har gentagen gange gjort dette klart.

Danmark har som bekendt formandsskabet i OSCE. På dansk eller nordiskt initiativ bør der snarest vedtages en plan for hvorledes Østre Slavonien skal afmilitariseres (også for tusinder af håndvåben) og fuldt ligeværdige vilkår etableres og opretholdes i hele Kroatien. Det internationale samfund vil begå endnu en brøler hvis det forvinder fra Kroatien før disse standarder er et faktum, ikke bare på papiret men også i landsbyerne.

Det er forståeligt at Kroatien ikke længere vil være “under administration”. Det vil være selvstændigt. Men FN, OSCE og frivilligorganisationer må være øjne og øre på marken indtil Kroatien, som ikke længere ser sig som Balkan men som Europa, også opfører sig sådan. Alternativet er endnu en menneskelig katastrofe for serbere og deres kroatiske brødre og søstre, der ikke havde nogle problemer med hinanden förend Kroatien erklærede sig selvstændigt. En ny katastrofe kan undgås hvis Europa vil.

Landet står desuden sandsynligvis foran et lederskifte. Præsident Franjo Tudjman, som er moderat i sammenligning med maffian og høgene i Herceg-Bosna som i betydelig grad styrer ham, er på vej ud enten som følge af alder eller den cancer som vedholdende rygter siger han lider af. Og tiden efter ham lover ikke nødvendigvis godt.

PhD, Peace & future researcher + ‌Art Photographer, Professor Emeritus and media commentator

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