Kalejdoskop 46 – Ikkevold i Belgrad, men hvad så?

Demonstrationer, musik, gadeteater, appeller, humor, bilkorteger, telefonblokader, international sympati, brug af Internet og andre massemedier, titusinder af udholdne borgere — nogle af ikkevoldens klassiske våben er i brug. Det er første gang siden borgerkrigene brød ud. Serbien, de facto den eneste multietniske republik, blev dermed den første i hvilket det civile samfund trængte igennem.

At indvider tror på at det betyder noget hvad de gør som samfundsmedborgere, at de tror på at det betyder noget at de tager standpunkter, selv kæmper for dem — og ikke blot beder en repræsentant herom — og gør det uden vold er grundforsætninger for det ægte demokrati, som forresten er på retur rundt om i verden og erstattet af demokrati som teknologi og eksportvare.

Engang, men altså ikke længere, var det kontroversielt at sige at det såkaldt internationale samfund håndterede den jugoslaviske konflikt helt galt. Een årsag var troen på at konflikter blir løste ved at straffe de fæle (og samtidigt samarbejde med dem om fredsaftaler og våbenleverancer) i stedet for at hjælpe og styrke de gode.

Dermed prisgav man formodentlig 90 procent af de 23 millioner mennesker: det civile samfund med de demokratiske, ikke-nationalistiske og ikke-militaristiske mennesker, der hverken planlagde eller genførte barbariet. Og dermed fik de mørke politiske, militære og økonomiske eliter et så let spil.

Man vil altså gerne tro og håbe at det der nu er foregået i over 50 døgn i Serbien kunne være begyndelsen til en ikkevoldelig, demokratisk udvikling i hele det tidligere Jugoslavien. For aldeles klart er det at dem, der brugte deres kreativitet, deres moralske kapital og politiske magt på vold ikke har de fornødne kvaliteter eller legitimitet at også lede udviklingen i retning af ægte fred mellem såvel som inden for republikkerne. Under krig stiller folk kun små krav til det materielle og til demokrati; efter krige stiller de større krav til politikerne.

Jeg har hidtil talt om det civile samfund, det vil sige den folkelige protest. Det er almindelige mennesker, der har fået nok og som heller ikke ser nogen reel mulighed for at det hele blir bedre i overskuelig fremtid — specielt ikke efter at den folkekære mirakeløkonom Avramovic, uden hvis reformpolitik Jugoslavien ville have været helt til rotterne i dag, blev fyret.

Medierne taler om “oppositionen” og mener politikerne. På alverdens skærme vinker og smiler Vuk Draskovic, Zoran Djinjic og Vesna Pesic. Men de siger ikke så meget, fordi de ikke har et fælles program eller en handlingsplan — udover dette at de ikke kan lide Milosevic og vil have sine valgsejre respekteret.

Draskovic er forhenværende militaristisk storserb, Djinjic’ parti er nationalistiskt og periodiskt pro-bosnienserbiskt. Ingen af dem har en f.eks. en økonomisk politik eller udenrigspolitik. Men kan ligesom ikke rigtigt se dem for sig i internationale fora. Og kosovo-albanerne har ingen grunde at vente sig større imødekommenhed fra dem.

Kun Vesna Pesic har rene hænder fra krigens dage, men hun vil blive udmanøvreret hvis de to herrer en dag skal kæmpe om at overtage magten eller forhandle et kompromis med Milosevic’ Socialistparti.

På spil står ikke blot regeringsmagten men også præsidentskapet. Slobodan Milosevic ikke kan genvælges som Serbiens præsident uden grundlovsforandringer. Han kan naturligvis stræbe efter at blive Jugoslaviens president og/eller hjælpe sin kone Mira Markovic, leder af det lidt spøjse JUL-parti, til at blive sin arvtager. Men, ak, de politikere, der kunne gøre en forskel idag, er borte — som f.eks. Milan Panic, der blev offer for det internationale samfunds sanktioner og Milosevic’ mesterlige taktik.

Det ser heller ikke ud til at det civile samfund, den folkelige protest, har et egentligt program. Måske vil det vokse frem. Det har ingen udadtil kendte ledere. Af selv nok så sympatiske og humoristiske optog gør man ingen politik — som Gandhi, Luther King og alle de andre viste os. Draskovic og Djinjic kan meget vel satse på at blive helte på bekostning af det, der burde være deres egentlige eksistensgrundlag, nemlig det civile samfunds regenerering. I så fald vil kløften mellem politik og folk blot fordybes.

Men det der sker nu kan alligevel være en begyndelse til nytænkning og en ny folkelig selvtillid i hvert fald blandt de samfundsmæssigt politiskt aktive, dvs. i byerne. Det vil afhænge meget af om der ud af det civile samfund, snarere end det partipolitiske spils morads, vokser en ny ledelse med kompetente, kendte og uplettede medborgere, der kan samles om en målsætning og en handlingsplan, om en vision, der giver deprimerede og proletariserede mennesker troen på fremtiden tilbage.

Det vil også afhænge af indre forhold i de styrende lag i Serbien, af politiets og hærens rolle, af massemedierne — ikke mindst de internationale, da stadig flere følge begivenhederne dér. Det vil afhænge af hvordan USA og Europa balancerer sine behov for stabilitet i regionen med eventuel støtte til den folkelige bevægelse.

Alt hænger sammen med alt andet, således også Belgrad med udviklingen i Føderationen og Republika Srpska, specielt i Brcko efter voldgiftsforslaget i midten af februar. Kroatiens udvikling er usikker, dels på grund af de vedvarende rygter om president Tudjmans alvorlige sygdom, dels fordi FN-missionen i Østre Slavonien skal lykkes nu i foråret hvis ikke de sidste kroatiske serbere skal flygte til Republika Srpska og Serbien.

Og det vil afhænge af hvorledes det civile samfund i de andre republiker reagerer. Gad vide hvad studenter og andre borgere i Zagreb, Sarajevo, Skopje og endog Ljubljana egentlig har tænkt i disse godt 50 døgn? Måske har de, især i Zagreb, ærgret sig over at de ikke selv holdt ud. Før alle gør det noget lignende det i Beograd er der intet håb om en ægte demokratisk udvikling og et civilt samfund noget sted i det tidligere Jugoslavien.

De der kæmper ikkevoldeligt må have en filosofi og en udholdenhed, der overgår den andre har, som altid kan falde tilbage på voldsmidler. Støtte og gode råd til de modige ikkevoldsforkæmpere i Beograd — og andre steder — er derfor på sin plads.

Måske de så engang i fremtiden vil kunne sige hvad Milovan Djilas sagde om partisankampen: “Havde vi vidst at det vi gjorde var umuligt, ville vi aldrig have lykkedes!”

PhD, Peace & future researcher + ‌Art Photographer, Professor Emeritus and media commentator

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