I det mörkaste Peru 3
Reflexioner från en resa

“När du besöker en hantverksmarknad för att köpa en souvenir från mitt land och upptäcker att du saknar pass, kamera och dina kära dollar, gråt inte, kasta inte upp armarna i fasa, därför att det du just har upplevt är en sann artists arbete, en konstnär som under många år uppövat sina fingrars känslighet för att utföra konstverk. Lägg därtill att också han är en samlare.”

Så skriver den peruanske författaren Mario Guevara Paredes, född i Cuzco 1956, i sin novellsamling “Gringa Hunter & Other short stories”.

Cuzco är ett av Latinamerikas största turistmål, också därför att staden är startpunkten för resan till Machu Picchu. Mängder av turistdollar strömmar hit. Samtidigt är Cuzco en av Perus fattigaste städer, där 75 procent av befolkningen är fattig och 50 procent extremt fattig, enligt färsk statistik.

Turism kan skapa utveckling och välstånd. Men inte här. Stadens historia har blivit motorn i en profitbringande turistindustri. Turismen har prostituerat Cuzco. Staden har sålt sin själ. Dess invånare är statister i sin egen stad.

Den engelske författaren Matthew Parris kommenterar samma ämne i sin “Inca-Kola. A Travellers Tale of Peru”:

“Ficktjuveriet måste här utgöra en så stor del av den lokala ekonomin att det borde vara intressant att stödja forskning om hur stor del av stadens (Cuzcos) inkomster som härrör sig från snatteri; vilken andel av polisens tid som ägnas åt att skriva rapporter som aldrig kommer att utredas; och vilken andel av Entels telefonibolags vinster som kommer från turister som söker nå American Express i Lima för att rapportera sina stulna resechecker.”

Cuzco var inkarikets huvudstad och torget var världens mitt och navel, där de stora ceremonierna genomfördes. Spanjorerna erövrade staden 1533. Tre år senare revolterade inkan Manco och belägrade Cuzco med 100.000 man, enligt krönikorna. Men spanjorerna med 80 kavallerister och 110 fotsoldater besegrade inkaarmén genom sina överlägsna vapen.

Plaza de Armas har varit spelplats för några av världshistoriens mest dramatiska och brutala händelser, en “clash of civilizations” som få.

“Det enda ord med vilket Cuzco kan summeras är ‘minnesväckande’. En nästan ogripbart damm från andra tidsåldrar täcker gatorna och blir ibland till moln, som när man rör i botten av i en gyttjig sjö.”

Så skrev Ernesto Che Guevara i sin dagbok. Han kom som 23-åring hit på en 500 cc Norton motorcykel under sin halvårslånga färd genom Latinamerika. Som revolutionär avrättades han 1967 i Bolivia. Hans “The Motorcycle Diaries. A journey around South America” gavs ut 1993.

Med andakt går jag från mitt hospedaje på Calle Suecia ner till Plaza de Armas med ungefär samma känsla som när jag som tjugoåring i Paris för första gången såg Notre Dame och Pont Neuf.

I dag finns här en park, som liknar en stadspark i en mellansvensk håla, med fontän och halvvissna blommor i torra rabatter.

Höjer jag blicken är torget omgivet av gamla hus med arkader, förutom katedralen och jesuiternas kyrka, La Campania. Invändigt är båda kyrkorna tapetserade med glödande guld, nersmält och återanvänt “hedniskt” inkaguld.

Runt Plaza de Armas ligger enbart inrättningar till turisternas fromma, resebyråer, souveniraffärer, restauranger, växelkontor. Här finns få vanliga människor. Det här är tiggarnas torg, skoputsarnas och vykortsförsäljarnas torg och så de hjälmförsedda polisernas, som skyddar turisterna från ficktjuvar.

Staden är ockuperad. Inte av spanjorerna eller ens av byråkratin i Lima, utan av turisterna eller rättare av turistindustrin.

Från Plaza de Armas kortända går två smala gränder. Den ena heter märkligt nog Sverigegatan, Calle Suecia, och den andra egentligen Procuradores (Skatteindrivarnas gata) men kallas Gringo Alley. Här är trivsamt och alltid mycket folk, unga resenärer med mera äventyrslust än pengar.

Gringo Alleys internetcaféer är fullbelagda. Dagens resenärer kan ha dagligkontakt med de oroliga där hemma. Cuzcos gatunamn är fantasieggande. Atoqsayk´uchi betyder på quechua “Där räven blev trött” och Pasñapakana “De unga flickornas gömställe”.

Spanjorerna förstörde inkatidens praktbyggnader och byggde sina egna kyrkor och palats på ruinerna. När Cuzco under seklerna flera gånger drabbats av förödande jordbävningar rasade det som spanjorerna byggt.

Inkamurarna höll. De finns överallt i centrala Cuzco och är lätta att känna igen, med stora stenblock som konstfärdigt fogats till varandra som i ett pussel. Ingen kultur i den gamla världen uppnådde så stor skicklighet att arbeta med sten som inkafolket. Man hade inga slavar men en stor och välnärd skara arbetare som tillsammans förmådde forma och flytta de tunga stenblocken.

En sten är särskilt känd, Stenen med tolv hörn, på Calle Hatunrumiyocs högra sida. Stenen är inte utmärkt på något sätt. Förbipasserande stannar till, många rör vid den.

Jag fortsätter förbi den tolvhörniga stenen och upp till San Blas-torgets fridfulla lugn. Det regnar. I Cuzco är aprilnätterna fuktigt kyliga som svensk november.

Convento San Domingo är “det äldsta dominikanerklostret i Peru”, Men klostret är en skymf, byggt på ruinerna av Qoricancha, som var Cuzcos soltempel, med väggar klädda av massivt guld med infällda smaragder.

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