I Gandhis fotspår 5 – I Birla House hos Gandhi

Affärsdynastin Birla’s palatsliknande vita hus ligger några kilometer från turisternas Connaught Place, i det grönaste området av Delhi. Här levde Gandhi sina 144 sista dramatiska dagar. Byggnadens museum speglar hans liv och död.

Utomhus kan besökaren följa hans sista vandring. Från dörren i det enkla vita rum med glasveranda där han levde finns cementavtryck av fötter genom parken till platsen där han mördades. Dit går man utan skor, i stillhet.

Gandhis sista steg – Birla House, Delhi – Photo Jan Öberg, © TFF 2001

I parken finns enorma gamla träd, ett rikt fågelliv, porlande vatten, ett hav av blommor, stora gräsmattor och skulpturer och en murrelief som speglar Indiens historia och Gandhis gärning.

Birla House eller “Gandhi Smriti” är en oas kärleksfullt driven i Gandhis anda. Dess direktör, dr Neelakanta Radhakrishnan, är en av Indiens få riktiga Gandhianer. Som direktör är han regeringsämbetsman, men han är dessutom forskare, aktivist, skribent och ledare för den japanska lekmanna-buddhistiska fredsorganisationen Soka Gakkai. Med sin hustru leder han ett institut för ickevåld i Kerala. Han har skrivit handböcker om Satyagraha, om ickevåldsaktioner och ickevåldskämpar runt om i världen. Han har varma ögon, är lärd, ödmjuk, politisk, humoristisk. Denna khadi-klädda nomad är alltid på resa, alltid på väg, trots svag hälsa.

Birla House, Gandhis rum bakom de blåa fönstren – här levde han och här
dog han efter skottdramat i trädgården
– Photo Jan Öberg, © TFF 2001

Under sina år som chef har han kartlagt Gandhis sista 144 dagar timme för timme, vilket ingen kommit på förut.

– Jag tillhör inte mainstream-Gandhianerna i landet vars olika sekter bevakar sin egen “enda sanna” tolkning av Gandhi och gärna bekämpar andras. En människa som var så medveten om sina egna fel och ständigt experimenterade och motsade sig själv, hur kan han monopoliseras av någon? Eliten i det här landet respekterar mig säkert som chef för Birla. Statsministern är faktisk min styrelseordförande, men eftersom jag tar Gandhi på allvar och propagerar hans tankar varhelst jag kan, är jag nog lite farlig, säger han och skrattar.

– Kongresspartiet har bara en vulgärtolkning av Gandhi. Kom ihåg att Gandhis sista skrift handlade om Kongresspartiets upplösning. Han visste att korruptionen skulle sprida sig om man gav en liten grupp hela makten att styra Indien. Han ville ha ett slags Peoples’ Front. De som kom efter honom arbetade visserligen i hans anda, men de var egentligen bara anti allting. De glömde Gandhis konstruktiva program. Så det blev aldrig en ‘buffert’ eller ett samhälleligt dialogforum mellan eliten och folket i Indien.”

Neelakanta Radhaskrishnan, Delhi 2001 – Photo Jan Öberg, © TFF 2001

Neelakanta Radhakrishnan fortsätter:

– Indien hade körts i botten vid självständigheten 1947. Vi borde ha fattat att detta var början på Indiens egna problem. Nehru var en visionär. Han ville sammanföra rysk-inspirerad socialism med inslag från Indiens egen kultur och verklighet samt med gandhiansk filosofi. Egentligen var det strålande, riktigt under den tidens omständigheter.

– Idag, däremot, är allting underställt MARKNADEN. Det enda positiva som hänt är panchayat-systemet införd i vissa delstater 1995. Det innebär att alla byar har sina egna medborgarråd, som också samlas på kommun- och högra nivåer. En tredjedel ska vara kvinnor. Detta är helt i Gandhis anda: behovsorienterad gräsrotsdemokrati, bygg Indien underifrån, på dess 700.000 byar! Men hur länge kommer det att fungera i ett land med så mycket korruption och korporativism på toppen?

– Men, frågar jag, vad tror du om globaliseringen?

– Jag ser filosofiskt på den. Under tusentals år har Indien fått besök, eller rättare blivit invaderat, av greker, hunner, araber, mongoler, portugiser, fransmän, andra kristna, islam, av britterna. De flesta andra länder hade väl låtit sig förtryckas av teknologin och militärmakten. Men inte Indien, det är som en klippa i världen. Vi har en kulturell mångfald som tillåter oss att absorbera en viss penetration och vi går aldrig omkull. Därför är dagens globalisering ingen större utmaning för Indien som helhet, men visst finns det faror. Men kom ihåg: Gandhi själv var en produkt av globalisering. Han utbildades i London, levde i Sydafrika och inspirerades av alla möjliga religioner och av västerlänningar som Jesus, Tolstoj, Thoreau, Ruskin.

Skylt på väggen i Sabarmati ashramet, Ahmedabad 2001 – Photo Jan Öberg, © TFF 2001

Jag kommer att tänka på Gandhis formulering om just detta, skrivit på väggen av hans ashram i Ahmedabad:

“Mitt hus ska inte ha tjocka murar eller igenbommade fönster. Jag vill att alla länders kulturer skall blåsa runt och igenom mitt öppna hus så fritt de vill. Men ingen enskild ska få blåsa mig omkull.”

Enhet i mångfald är ett indiskt ideal. Gandhis formuleringen är mitt i prick i dagens invandrardebatt. Jag skulle önska att den var uppslagen överallt i det forna Jugoslavien där EU och NATO blåser omkull alla de kan.

Jag talar om för Radhakrishnan att jag ska resa i Indien i Gandhis fotspår. Han blir riktigt glad.

– När Du kommer tillbaka vill jag inbjuda dig att bo några dagar i gästrummet på Birla House. Kom och gå, sitt där tidigt på morgonen, sent på natten. Du kommer att känna att det finns en alldeles speciell atmosfär här.

Sagt och gjort. Han hade helt rätt. Jag tänker på mina tre dagar och på nätterna i månskenet där med stor tacksamhet. Nära Gandhis liv och död.

Birla House regnig natt, Delhi – Photo Jan Öberg, © TFF 2001
Författaren vid Gandhis minnesplats i Birla Garden – Photo Jan Öberg, © TFF 2001




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