I Gandhis fotspår 3 – Tibet – kultur i exil

På buss- och taxitorget får alla vända. Dharamsala är bilfritt, fridfyllt, kaotiskt och präglat av en förbluffande nybyggaranda. Gatubilden präglas av munkar i vinrött och påfallande många spetälska tiggare. Här på den farofyllda Himalaya-sluttningen byggs den ena mer fantasifyllda kåken efter den andra, hotell inte minst. De störtar ihop ännu fortare än de byggs när tunga regn eller smältvatten forsar ned.

Det är mycket vackert här, utom träden. Det är förbjudet att hugga ned själva stammen, men överallt har man klättrat upp och huggit av alla sidogrenar. Ved behövs. Det är ofta elavbrott eller också är elen ransonerad. Utom när guvernören för delstaten Himachal Pradesh, som Dharamsala tillhör, kommer på officiellt besök. Med följe blir det ett hundratal gamla vita Ambassador-bilar som kommer till stan. Då finns el och vatten dygnet om för han ska inte få en alltför realistisk bild av hur folket har det!

Dalai Lama kan man träffa på olika sätt. Om han är hemma kan man gå rakt upp till hans bostad i tempel-komplexet och be om audiens. Om man kommer till McLeod i mars har han sina “teachings” för tiotusentals åhörare, särskild tibetaner för vilka han är gud, inget mindre. Tyvärr var jag där i februari under dagar då han var i “retreat” och inte träffade någon. Mina vänner säger att de svävade sådär fem till sju cm över marken efter att ha träffat honom.

Det finns oerhört mycket att se i detta vackra område: små ekologiska kooperativ, butiker med hälsomedicin och handgjort papper; spirituella bokhandlar, utsökta restauranger från det enklaste till Chonor House, det exklusiva hotellet med utsikt över McLeod. Här serveras det bästa ur det tibetanska köket medan aporna svänger sig i granarna över huvudet och ibland kamikaze-artat kastar sig ned mot bordet.

Det tibetanska museet i McLeod ägnar sig åt Tibets historia med huvudvikt på exiltibetanernas öde. Det är ett vackert och enkelt museum som också finns på Internet: http://www.thetibetmuseum.org/

Nere i regeringskvarteret finns Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, en omfattande bok- och tidsskriftssamling med fyrtio procent av Tibets alla handskrifter. På första våningen i denna tempelliknande byggnad finns Tibetan Cultural Museum där jag fastande för samlingen av tangkas.

Tangka-målning på Norbulinka – Photo Jan Öberg, © TFF 2001

Nej det är inte trosor utan heliga Buddhistiska målerier på bomullsduk vars teknik kan påminna om tempera. De målas i så små detaljer att man bör se dem under lupp; samtidigt är hela tangkan en mångfärgad harmonisk komposition framför vilken man ber eller mediterar. De har naturalistiska motiv och avbildar historiska förlopp, Livets Hjul eller gudarna och fantastiska figurer från Tibets myter. En annan kategori är mandhalas, strama geometriska, nonfigurativa tavlor med ett centrum som man ska koncentrerar sig intensivt på och sedan kanske försvinna in i.

Finare tangka och mandhala inramas av en bred passepartout i silke eller silkebrokad. De hänger på en tvärgående pinne och framför bilden med silkesram finns ett skynke; det skyddar tangkan när den rullas ihop och tas med från tempel till tempel eller följer sin ägare. Denna fascinerande konstart har beskrivits av bland andra Anjan Chakraverty i Sacred Buddhist Painting, Lustre Press, New Delhi, 1998. Illustrerade exempel finns på t ex http://www.iol.ie/~taeger/thkas/thgk-gal.html.

Ett av många centre i Norbulinka – Photo Jan Öberg, © TFF 2001

Besök Norbulinka-Institutet! Du kan börja på Internet (http://www.tibet.net/eng/norling/) men res dit! Man tror sig ha anlänt till i en japansk trädgård med stora stenar, växter, paviljonger, cafeteria, hotell, konferenscenter etc. Det finns porlande bäckar, skiftande arkitektur, tempel och verkstäder för textilier, kläder, trävaror, konsthantverk, dockor, måleri, broderi, träsnitt, guldsmedjor etc. På Norbulinka utbildas tibetanska kulturarbetare. (Exil)kulturens konstfärdigheter och traditioner hålls i hävd och innovationer frodas. Sällan har jag sett så snitsiga supermoderna skjortor och jackor, så vackra sidentyger och objekt för modern heminredning.

Norbulinkas skiftande utställningar och paviljonger är ett konglomerat av konsthantverksskola, konstakademi, designcenter, galleri, tempel och meditationsplats. Man kan vandra rakt igenom och ut på andra sidan: genom en liten grind lämnar jag detta Tibet bakom mig och vandrar in i en indisk by med söta unga bondflickor som blygt ler mot den främmade med kameran. Här finns kossor, getter, apor, lerhyddor, inhägnader med konstfärdigt skulpterade höstackar, en pittoresk idyll där det enda negativa är en mycket gammal gulnad skylt som säger att här fanns engång i tiden ett Världsbanksprojekt. Som väl är har banken åtminstone inte förstört den här byn.

Dharamsala och Norbulinka vittnar om ett förtryckt folks enorma livs- och kulturyttrande. Det kommer ingen, vare sig västerlänning eller kines, nånsin att lyckas förstöra.

Peace & future researcher + ‌Art Photographer

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