I Gandhis fotspår 2 – Konfliktlösning i Dharamsala

Bussen går – kanske – ifrån Delhi vid 17-tiden. Passagerarna är av två slag: tibetanska munkar och västliga backpackers. Vägen norrut ifrån Delhi är ett totalt trafikkaos.

Tretton timmar senare är jag framme i Dharamsala på 1300 meters höjd i Himalaya, religiöst, politiskt och kulturellt centrum för ett par hundra tusen exiltibetaner spridda över Indien. Det är hur mörkt som helst. Jag sveper in mig i en enorm khadi-filt, inköpt på ett Gandhi-museum med tanke på kylan på dessa höjder.

Bergsvägen är smal utan gatuljus och med igenbommade skjul. En sjal-silhuett dukar omärkligt upp och frågar var jag ska. Kashmir House, svarar jag, och fem minuter senare tar en minitaxi mig dit. Det är här jag tillsammans med mina vänner ifrån danska Center for Konfliktløsning ska undervisa unga exiltibetaner i konfliktförståelse och i hur den stora världen – som de har god grund att känna sig svikna av – fungerar.

Busstorget i Dharamsala – Photo Jan Öberg, © TFF 2001

Dharamsala är topografiskt nivådelat. Nere i den väldiga, vackra Kanga-dalen över vilken det ständigt cirkulerar rovfåglar ligger det egentliga Dharamsala med sjukhus, kommunalförvaltning och tibetanernas kulturcentrum, Norbulinka-Institutet, allt en mil härifrån över risfält och stor skönhet. Lower Dharamsala dit jag har anlänt består mest av bostäder och basarsnäva gränder med butiker och två Internetcafeer.

En halvmil och en dryg halvtimmes vandring upp för den lilla eländiga asfaltvägen finns regeringskomplexet, Gangchen Kyishong, där tibetanerna har parlament, ministerier och säkerhetskontor. Till fots följer jag en av många slippery shortcuts och ömsom vandrar och kliver bland små klungor av bondhus, hönsgårdar, fåraherdar, gamla gummor, kossor och getter. Ännu en timmes vandring uppåt finns på 1768 meters höjd till Upper Dharamsala, eller McLeod Ganj, turisternas Mecka med restauranter, tempel, butiker, hantverk, museum, postkontor, bokhandlar ˆ och Hans Helighet Dalai Lamas – förbluffande enkla och arkitektoniskt tråkiga – tempel, Tsuglagkang.

Regeringstorget med parlamentet i bakgrunden – Photo Jan Öberg, © TFF 2001

David McLeod var en ‘löjtnantsguvernör’ på 1850-talet då staden var ett brittiskt barackområde. Den lilla kolonialaffären ser precis ut som om McLeod skulle gå in genom dörren när som helst. På den tiden beboddes Dharamsala av det halvnomadiska Gaddi-folket som varken var ‘indier’ eller tibetaner.

Varför vill tibetanerna skapa sitt första center för konfliktlösning, en uppgift jag är oerhört stolt över att hjälpa dessa positiva, nyfikna och humoristiska ungdomar med? Ett svar finns i det tema, som danska utrikesdepartementet bad mig hålla en föreläsning om: hur kan man lösa konflikter när den andra parten är mycket starkare och inte vill ha en dialog.

För det är tibetanernas problem i ett nötskal: 5-6 miljoner som – som de ser det – har ockuperats av en övermakt. 6-8 miljoner kineser har sedan flyttat till Tibet, där tibetanerna själva nu är en minoritet i det de betraktar som sitt historiska, självständiga rike. Kineserna har också förlagt det mesta av sina kärnvapenprogram till Tibet och den globalt unika faunan och floran håller på att försvinna, förorenas, utarmas.

När detta sagts vill jag också säga att jag inte har varit i själva Tibet eller i Beijing för att förstå hela Tibet-frågan. Det skulle jag mycket gärna vilja. Från böckerna och Internet vet jag att det finns gedigna argument på alla sidor.

Tibetanerna i Indien vill också lära sig konfliktlösning därför att det finns konflikter mellan dem själva: mellan de som är födda i Indien och ser sig som bättre utbildade och “civiliserade” och de som kommit över bergen och betraktas som mer “primitiva”. Det finns konflikter mellan de unga som uppskattar Dalai Lama och ickevåld och de mer revolutionära, som tycker att det – åtminstone efter honom – måste bli ett väpnat uppror eftersom ickevåldet inte lett nånstans. Vidare finns konflikter mellan tibetaner och indier i lokalsamhället.

Undervisning blir det inte, det är dialog, ömsesidigt lärande. Något mer meningsfullt än att samarbeta med dessa 20-30-åringar kan jag inte tänka mig. De och deras släkt har lidit fruktansvärd, de är alla flyktingar, de är djupt religiösa och har bevarat toleransen, nyfikenheten, värdigheten. Tillsammans med dem vet jag att jag inte vill ha något annat yrke. Vi skiljs som nära vänner.

Som världen är har de dessvärre små chanser att inom sin livstid se ett fritt Tibet, tänker jag. Om det blir ett självständigt Tibet måste det bli med de ditflyttade kineserna, som också är offer för ett stormaktsspel. Inte ett etniskt rent Tibet. Jag såg inget hat i dessa ungdomars ögon, hörde inget ont i deras talan.

Munk i Dharamsala – Photo Jan Öberg, © TFF 2001

Tibetanerna är positiva och djupt religiösa. De tror på respekten – och som Dalai Lama, på skrattet! Buddhismen handlar om hur man övervinner lidandet och uppnår glädje, tolerans och empati, om strävan efter “mindfulness” och “lovingkindness” – att leva helt uppmärksamt och med kärleksvänlighet. Inte illa som konfliktlösnings- och försoningsfilosofi.

Om jag lyckades ge dem någonting i gengäld för allt de lärde mig om Tibet-frågan var det en bredare syn på Gandhi och på ickevåldet som aktiv, inte passiv, filosofi och politik. Det finns många likheter mellan Laman och Mahatman, men den senare var också politisk och strategisk fighter.

Ett litet urval av hemsidor om och ifrån Tibet och exilregeringen, Kinas perspektiv etc kan du hitta på: http://www.transnational.org/links/tibet.html

Peace & future researcher + ‌Art Photographer

Related Posts

LONDON – So far so good, at least on the wider level. While internally Iraq seems on the edge of chaos, the much heralded clash of civilizations between the Muslim and Judaeo-Christian worlds has yet to become apparent. We have anger and despair aplenty in the Arab and Muslim worlds. But very little rushing to the standard and there was no great pilgrimage of warriors to join the fight, as happened when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan twenty years ago, and then, having driven the Red Army out, were left to ferment in that mountainous redoubt. With the armaments supplied by the CIA the mujahidin were transformed into Al Qaeda that became, for a relatively brief moment as these things go, ‘the greatest threat to the homeland that America has ever known.’ Nevertheless a ‘Cold War’ between much of the Muslim world and the West is certainly in full swing. Winston...
The Challenge of Nuclear Weaponsin the Twenty-first CenturyA Path Forward The peoples and governments of the world face an urgent challenge relating to weaponry of mass destruction and particularly to nuclear weaponry.  At the crossroads of technology, terrorism, geopolitical ambition, and policies of preemption are new and potent dangers for humanity. Despite ending the nuclear standoff of the Cold War era, nuclear weaponry is again menacing the peoples of the world with catastrophic possibilities.  We recognize the need for any government to pursue its security interests in accordance with international law; and further, we recognize that distinctive threats to these interests now exist as a result of an active international terrorist network having declared war on the United States and its allies. Nonetheless, we reject the assessment of the current US administration that upgrading a reliance on nuclear weapons is in any sense justified as a response. We find it...
By Karin Wegestal MP, the Social Democratic Partyon behalf of the Swedish Committee for Solidarity with the Yugoslav People During the last decade, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has received more than 500,000 refugees from Croatia and Bosnia, and another 300,000 internally displaced persons, mainly from the province Kosovo and Metohia. For a country with about ten million inhabitants, such an influx of homeless people is obviously a very heavy burden – even under peaceful conditions. But in addition to that, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has been the subject to sanctions from the western powers for close to ten years and its infrastructure was badly hurt through Nato’s intense bombardment during 78 days in 1999. The result of all this is that Yugoslavia, once the most developed industrial country in Eastern Europe, is today the poorest country in Europe. In Serbia excluding Kosovo, with about ten million inhabitants and...

Recent Articles

Tony Robinson October 4, 2026 Violence is easy to recognise when someone is being beaten, shot or killed. It becomes more difficult when nobody is holding a weapon. Poverty, discrimination, exploitation and repression can restrict a human life just as effectively, although they do so in very different ways and with very different consequences. Simply adding more categories to an ever-growing list of forms of violence does not really solve the problem. The more interesting question is what all these different situations have in common and why it makes sense to describe them using the same word. Human beings do not simply react to what happens around them. They remember the past, imagine things that do not yet exist, make plans and undertake projects. Workers organise because they imagine different working conditions; people migrate because they imagine another life somewhere else; social movements emerge because people refuse to accept the...
It’s a matter of principles, courage, vision and pulling together – while the militarist world is falling apart… Peter Langille October 3, 2026 “Here, then, is the problem which we present to you, stark and dreadful and inescapable: Shall we put an end to the human race; or shall mankind renounce war?”The Bertrand Russell—Albert Einstein Manifesto, July 9, 1955 ⁕ The forecast for what’s ahead is worrisome. The sharp rise in armed conflicts over the past three years is adding to what was already the highest level in over seventy years. Genocides, which should be prevented are supported. A shared climate emergency that jeopardises survival is ignored. Diverse polls now suggest that people are war-weary, worried and interested in a more effective United Nations. And, there are viable policy options for a more secure world! Yet governments are doubling-down, betting on more war and investing heavily. If current trends persist,...
Johan Galtung 1930-2024October 2015 Published here on October 3, 2026 Let us focus on Civilization for conflict analysis and remedies. Major forms of disorder use violence; war is state organized violence. The most belligerent states are the United States of America and Israel, both with civilization roots. National Evangelism, the US Protestant Christian civilization– more national than evangelical–justifies US warfare as exceptionalism of a people chosen by God, with a manifest destiny to run the world. Orthodox Judaism justifies Israeli warfare to conquer and expand from Nile to Euphrates as a religious right and duty to the Eternal One. The third most belligerent country, the UK, no longer believes it is God-chosen but chosen by the USA; not quite the same but something. But the root cause of global disorder lies in the Occident–with Islam–seeing itself as the single, universal civilization valid for all at all times, all others being...

TFF on Substack

Discover and subscribe to more peace materials on TFF Substack

Most Popular

Tony Robinson October 4, 2026 Violence is easy to recognise when someone is being beaten, shot or killed. It becomes more difficult when nobody is holding a weapon. Poverty, discrimination, exploitation and repression can restrict a human life just as effectively, although they do so in very different ways and with very different consequences. Simply adding more categories to an ever-growing list of forms of violence does not really solve the problem. The more interesting question is what all these different situations have in common and why it makes sense to describe them using the same word. Human beings do not simply react to what happens around them. They remember the past, imagine things that do not yet exist, make plans and undertake projects. Workers organise because they imagine different working conditions; people migrate because they imagine another life somewhere else; social movements emerge because people refuse to accept the...
It’s a matter of principles, courage, vision and pulling together – while the militarist world is falling apart… Peter Langille October 3, 2026 “Here, then, is the problem which we present to you, stark and dreadful and inescapable: Shall we put an end to the human race; or shall mankind renounce war?”The Bertrand Russell—Albert Einstein Manifesto, July 9, 1955 ⁕ The forecast for what’s ahead is worrisome. The sharp rise in armed conflicts over the past three years is adding to what was already the highest level in over seventy years. Genocides, which should be prevented are supported. A shared climate emergency that jeopardises survival is ignored. Diverse polls now suggest that people are war-weary, worried and interested in a more effective United Nations. And, there are viable policy options for a more secure world! Yet governments are doubling-down, betting on more war and investing heavily. If current trends persist,...
Johan Galtung 1930-2024October 2015 Published here on October 3, 2026 Let us focus on Civilization for conflict analysis and remedies. Major forms of disorder use violence; war is state organized violence. The most belligerent states are the United States of America and Israel, both with civilization roots. National Evangelism, the US Protestant Christian civilization– more national than evangelical–justifies US warfare as exceptionalism of a people chosen by God, with a manifest destiny to run the world. Orthodox Judaism justifies Israeli warfare to conquer and expand from Nile to Euphrates as a religious right and duty to the Eternal One. The third most belligerent country, the UK, no longer believes it is God-chosen but chosen by the USA; not quite the same but something. But the root cause of global disorder lies in the Occident–with Islam–seeing itself as the single, universal civilization valid for all at all times, all others being...
Read More
Living-Peace-Sign-Budapest-copy
Tony Robinson October 4, 2026 Violence is easy to recognise when someone is being beaten, shot or killed. It becomes more difficult when nobody is holding a weapon. Poverty, discrimination, exploitation and repression can restrict a human life just as effectively, although they do so in very different ways and with very different consequences. Simply adding more categories to an ever-growing list of forms of violence does not really solve the problem. The more interesting question is what all these different situations have in common and why it makes sense to describe them using the same word. Human beings do not simply react to what happens around them. They remember the past, imagine things that do not yet exist, make plans and undertake projects. Workers organise because they imagine different working conditions; people migrate because they imagine another life somewhere else; social movements emerge because people refuse to accept the...
b54a1f10-8c65-4f0b-9dd5-4abc0a7d04cc_2659x2659
It’s a matter of principles, courage, vision and pulling together – while the militarist world is falling apart… Peter Langille October 3, 2026 “Here, then, is the problem which we present to you, stark and dreadful and inescapable: Shall we put an end to the human race; or shall mankind renounce war?”The Bertrand Russell—Albert Einstein Manifesto, July 9, 1955 ⁕ The forecast for what’s ahead is worrisome. The sharp rise in armed conflicts over the past three years is adding to what was already the highest level in over seventy years. Genocides, which should be prevented are supported. A shared climate emergency that jeopardises survival is ignored. Diverse polls now suggest that people are war-weary, worried and interested in a more effective United Nations. And, there are viable policy options for a more secure world! Yet governments are doubling-down, betting on more war and investing heavily. If current trends persist,...
010
Johan Galtung 1930-2024October 2015 Published here on October 3, 2026 Let us focus on Civilization for conflict analysis and remedies. Major forms of disorder use violence; war is state organized violence. The most belligerent states are the United States of America and Israel, both with civilization roots. National Evangelism, the US Protestant Christian civilization– more national than evangelical–justifies US warfare as exceptionalism of a people chosen by God, with a manifest destiny to run the world. Orthodox Judaism justifies Israeli warfare to conquer and expand from Nile to Euphrates as a religious right and duty to the Eternal One. The third most belligerent country, the UK, no longer believes it is God-chosen but chosen by the USA; not quite the same but something. But the root cause of global disorder lies in the Occident–with Islam–seeing itself as the single, universal civilization valid for all at all times, all others being...
Screenshot 2026-10-02 011738
Jan ObergPhD, director, The Transnational Foundation for Peace and Future Research, TFFLund, Sweden October 2, 2026 This is my full original manuscript. The Chinese Academy of Social Science, CASS, makes two publications out if it. 1. China’s Five-year plan emphasized the capabilities of basic research and original innovation. It is regarded as the goal of the future social development, which, as required, should be significantly enhanced. Can you comment on the importance of original innovation in research and academic study? I believe it is easier to define “original innovation” in the natural sciences than in social sciences. The breaking points of what constitutes something new, or innovative, are not quite as sharp in the latter. But in both fields it is about opening up something that was closed, unseen, unexplored before – making manifest what was earlier latent. Innovations come in many forms and shapes – naming something that was not...
arctic-circle-map
The agreement is catastrophic both because of what it says and what it doesn’t mention. It reduces further the major asset of security policies: Freedom of action. Jan Oberg TFF director September 25, 2026 A couple of hours before the agreement was signed on September 22, 2026, I published the following 13 hypotheses about what it would most likely contain on TFF Substack (in English). I was wrong on only the first point. Contrary to what Trump had written on his Truth Social platform, it does not appear to come into force immediately. In fact, it turned out to be worse than even I had anticipated. After these hypotheses now come a number of reflections in light of what the agreement actually contains, and does not contain, as well as the way in which it has generally been presented by major media outlets and by the public-service broadcaster DR. My...
girl-5894831_1280
Below are TFF-related media mentions, comments, videos and social media posts published elsewhere but not on this homepage. We happen to catch and list only a fraction. Regarding video comments and debates, we recommend that you go to the TFF Video Channel on Substack where many of them are reproduced. Jan Oberg is a contributor to China Daily – 52 million daily clicks – and Global Times, CGTN and CCTV (the national television), China Investment, Xinhua News Agency and several others. Articles and videos on these media very often multiply into countless Chinese (and Western media) that re-post them from these main media. Thanks to The China Academy, his analyses, interviews and comments are frequently posted on YouTube channels such as Thinkers Forum and Wave Media. These videos are often re-posted on Bilibili (China’s YouTube), the China Content Center on TikTok, and on the Chinese edition of TikTok, Douyin.com. This means reaching hundreds of millions of viewers worldwide over a year. While there are too many to catch on all these...