I Gandhis fotspår 2 – Konfliktlösning i Dharamsala

Bussen går – kanske – ifrån Delhi vid 17-tiden. Passagerarna är av två slag: tibetanska munkar och västliga backpackers. Vägen norrut ifrån Delhi är ett totalt trafikkaos.

Tretton timmar senare är jag framme i Dharamsala på 1300 meters höjd i Himalaya, religiöst, politiskt och kulturellt centrum för ett par hundra tusen exiltibetaner spridda över Indien. Det är hur mörkt som helst. Jag sveper in mig i en enorm khadi-filt, inköpt på ett Gandhi-museum med tanke på kylan på dessa höjder.

Bergsvägen är smal utan gatuljus och med igenbommade skjul. En sjal-silhuett dukar omärkligt upp och frågar var jag ska. Kashmir House, svarar jag, och fem minuter senare tar en minitaxi mig dit. Det är här jag tillsammans med mina vänner ifrån danska Center for Konfliktløsning ska undervisa unga exiltibetaner i konfliktförståelse och i hur den stora världen – som de har god grund att känna sig svikna av – fungerar.

Busstorget i Dharamsala – Photo Jan Öberg, © TFF 2001

Dharamsala är topografiskt nivådelat. Nere i den väldiga, vackra Kanga-dalen över vilken det ständigt cirkulerar rovfåglar ligger det egentliga Dharamsala med sjukhus, kommunalförvaltning och tibetanernas kulturcentrum, Norbulinka-Institutet, allt en mil härifrån över risfält och stor skönhet. Lower Dharamsala dit jag har anlänt består mest av bostäder och basarsnäva gränder med butiker och två Internetcafeer.

En halvmil och en dryg halvtimmes vandring upp för den lilla eländiga asfaltvägen finns regeringskomplexet, Gangchen Kyishong, där tibetanerna har parlament, ministerier och säkerhetskontor. Till fots följer jag en av många slippery shortcuts och ömsom vandrar och kliver bland små klungor av bondhus, hönsgårdar, fåraherdar, gamla gummor, kossor och getter. Ännu en timmes vandring uppåt finns på 1768 meters höjd till Upper Dharamsala, eller McLeod Ganj, turisternas Mecka med restauranter, tempel, butiker, hantverk, museum, postkontor, bokhandlar ˆ och Hans Helighet Dalai Lamas – förbluffande enkla och arkitektoniskt tråkiga – tempel, Tsuglagkang.

Regeringstorget med parlamentet i bakgrunden – Photo Jan Öberg, © TFF 2001

David McLeod var en ‘löjtnantsguvernör’ på 1850-talet då staden var ett brittiskt barackområde. Den lilla kolonialaffären ser precis ut som om McLeod skulle gå in genom dörren när som helst. På den tiden beboddes Dharamsala av det halvnomadiska Gaddi-folket som varken var ‘indier’ eller tibetaner.

Varför vill tibetanerna skapa sitt första center för konfliktlösning, en uppgift jag är oerhört stolt över att hjälpa dessa positiva, nyfikna och humoristiska ungdomar med? Ett svar finns i det tema, som danska utrikesdepartementet bad mig hålla en föreläsning om: hur kan man lösa konflikter när den andra parten är mycket starkare och inte vill ha en dialog.

För det är tibetanernas problem i ett nötskal: 5-6 miljoner som – som de ser det – har ockuperats av en övermakt. 6-8 miljoner kineser har sedan flyttat till Tibet, där tibetanerna själva nu är en minoritet i det de betraktar som sitt historiska, självständiga rike. Kineserna har också förlagt det mesta av sina kärnvapenprogram till Tibet och den globalt unika faunan och floran håller på att försvinna, förorenas, utarmas.

När detta sagts vill jag också säga att jag inte har varit i själva Tibet eller i Beijing för att förstå hela Tibet-frågan. Det skulle jag mycket gärna vilja. Från böckerna och Internet vet jag att det finns gedigna argument på alla sidor.

Tibetanerna i Indien vill också lära sig konfliktlösning därför att det finns konflikter mellan dem själva: mellan de som är födda i Indien och ser sig som bättre utbildade och “civiliserade” och de som kommit över bergen och betraktas som mer “primitiva”. Det finns konflikter mellan de unga som uppskattar Dalai Lama och ickevåld och de mer revolutionära, som tycker att det – åtminstone efter honom – måste bli ett väpnat uppror eftersom ickevåldet inte lett nånstans. Vidare finns konflikter mellan tibetaner och indier i lokalsamhället.

Undervisning blir det inte, det är dialog, ömsesidigt lärande. Något mer meningsfullt än att samarbeta med dessa 20-30-åringar kan jag inte tänka mig. De och deras släkt har lidit fruktansvärd, de är alla flyktingar, de är djupt religiösa och har bevarat toleransen, nyfikenheten, värdigheten. Tillsammans med dem vet jag att jag inte vill ha något annat yrke. Vi skiljs som nära vänner.

Som världen är har de dessvärre små chanser att inom sin livstid se ett fritt Tibet, tänker jag. Om det blir ett självständigt Tibet måste det bli med de ditflyttade kineserna, som också är offer för ett stormaktsspel. Inte ett etniskt rent Tibet. Jag såg inget hat i dessa ungdomars ögon, hörde inget ont i deras talan.

Munk i Dharamsala – Photo Jan Öberg, © TFF 2001

Tibetanerna är positiva och djupt religiösa. De tror på respekten – och som Dalai Lama, på skrattet! Buddhismen handlar om hur man övervinner lidandet och uppnår glädje, tolerans och empati, om strävan efter “mindfulness” och “lovingkindness” – att leva helt uppmärksamt och med kärleksvänlighet. Inte illa som konfliktlösnings- och försoningsfilosofi.

Om jag lyckades ge dem någonting i gengäld för allt de lärde mig om Tibet-frågan var det en bredare syn på Gandhi och på ickevåldet som aktiv, inte passiv, filosofi och politik. Det finns många likheter mellan Laman och Mahatman, men den senare var också politisk och strategisk fighter.

Ett litet urval av hemsidor om och ifrån Tibet och exilregeringen, Kinas perspektiv etc kan du hitta på: http://www.transnational.org/links/tibet.html

Peace & future researcher + ‌Art Photographer

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