I det mörkaste Peru 1Reflexioner från en resa

Sören Sommelius har under en månad rest i Peru. I en serie artiklar kommer han att göra nedslag i peruansk samtid och historia under vinjetten “I det mörkaste Peru, Reflexioner från en resa”.

När jag landar på flygplatsen i Lima tänker jag på björnen Paddington, som upphittades på tunnelbanestationen i London med samma namn.

“Och var kommer du ifrån?”, frågade fru Brown.

Björnen såg sig omkring innan den svarade.

– Mörkaste Peru. Jag borde egentligen inte alls vara här. Jag är fripassagerare.“

(Ur “Kalla mig Paddington”, av Michael Bond, i översättning av Louise Moëll).

Det mörkaste Peru, landet Långt borta, nämns sällan i medierna.

Vad vet jag om Peru?

Presidenten, ja hur var det nu, och gerillan?

Hur är det med gerillan, “Sendero Luminoso“, “Den lysande stigen”? Finns den fortfarande? Vad stod den för? Var det frihetskämpar eller terrorister?

“Det mörkaste Peru” är ett uttryck som passar bra in på min bristande kunskap om landet.

Några basfakta först. Gerillan har så gott som krossats. Alberto Fujimoris korrupta och auktoritära regim som styrde landet under 90-talet kollapsade i november 2000. I fjol hade 800 personer ställts inför rätta för maktmissbruk. Den japanskättade Fujimori lever nu i exil i Japan, eftersökt av peruanska myndigheter.

Förra året valdes till ny president Alejandro Toledo, ekonom och den förste andinske indianen på posten. Hans popularitet har dock sjunkit från 59 procent i höstas till under 25 procent i vår – kanske därför att han har mäktiga fiender. Två viktiga TV-kanaler ägs av personer med anknytningar till den förra regimen.

Landet har 27 miljoner invånare, varav 54 procent är andinska indianer, 12 procent vita spanskättlingar och 32 procent mestiser, blandfolk. En tredjedel av befolkningen bor i huvudstaden Lima. Ytan är tre gånger Sveriges.

I den globaliserade världsordningen tillhör Peru som u-land tredje världens periferi.

Lima är ett kosmos, en värld i kaos med lika många invånare som Sverige. Befolkningen har nästan femdubblats på femtio år. Många lever slum, i pueblos jovenes. En tredjedel saknar vatten. På trottoarerna ser jag uttryck för fattigdomens anarki.

Kartan är ett finrutigt nät. Under en halvtimme till fots förflyttar jag mig några centimeter.

Trafiken olidlig. Lima stinker avgaser. Gatorna igenproppade, fotgängarna fredlösa. Tutor och sirener bildar en öronbedövande ljudkuliss.

Lima ligger i en kustöken, där det nästan aldrig regnar. Åtta månader om året är staden mest utan sol, inpyrd av en kall dimma.

Den peruanske poeten Sebastian Salazar Bondy har kallat staden “Lima, la horrible“, “Det vidriga Lima”.

Jag håller inte med. Lima är påfrestande, men jag tycker om staden, därför att den i all sin mångfald ger mig en fördjupad känsla av tillståndet i världen och av människors oförtröttliga fantasirikedom, då det gäller att finna vägar att överleva: så här är det att vara människa på jorden i det tredje millenniets början.

Jag bor vid Bolívartorget i distriktet Pueblo Libre, (“Det fria folket”), på Hospedaje el Museo, ett enkelt litet hotell.

Lima lever som mångmiljonstad i sina distrikt. Pueblo Libre är en stad i staden, med rötter i det tidiga artonhundratalet och Perus självständighet. Här får jag mina fasta punkter i Lima, mangoldpajserveringen på Avenue Sucre, Café El Libertador med färskpressad papajajucie och så Arkeologiska museet med ofattbara skatter ur Perus förunderliga förkolumbianska förflutna.

På torget, omgivet av låga hus i starka färger, finns en byst av Simon Bolívar (det självständiga Perus förste president 1824 – 26), en springbrunn och så en flaggstång, där den peruanska rödvitröda trikoloren hissas varje morgon prick åtta med revelj och marscherande hedersvakt från kasernen i närheten.

Bolívar bodde här. Han var en av libertadorerna, som gjorde slut på Spaniens koloniala välde. Desillusionerad gav han sig iväg när han såg hur liten skillnad självständigheten gjorde, en liten spanskättad elit behöll makten. Så har det förblivit.

“Perus politiska historia har varit som den klassiska sydamerikanska schablonen – en oligarki som störtas genom en militärkupp som efterträds av en annan oligarki, som i sin tur periodiskt avbryts av uppror och sporadiskt våld från de bortglömda vid samhällets botten”, har den amerikanske ekonomen William Blum skrivit.

I Peru ser jag en säger en bil med utländska registreringsskyltar. Hit reser få eller inga landvägen från grannländerna, inte ens lastbilar.

Vilken skillnad mot Europa.

Kapitalets rörlighet är desto större, också via bankomater.

Limas gulputsade koloniala hjärta Plaza Major, stadens historiska centrum står för 1500-talet och har av UNESCO klassats som en del av världskulturarvet. På Club Unions stora café läser jag Perus största tidning “El Comercio” . En helsidesannons lockar med extrapriser, både i “nuevo soles” (en nuevo sol lika med tre kronor) och i US dollar.

Trepack Palmolive tvål 10 kr, Heineken, 6-pack 46 kr. Marques de Arienzo, Riojavin $ 13.90, Johnnie Walker Red Label, whisky, $ 16.95.

Det luftkonditionerade varuhuset Supermercado Metro tillhandahåller alla västerlandets “nödvändigheter” – för den som kan betala.

I samma tidning finns en artikel om Perus ökande fattigdom, med statistik från sista kvartalet 2001, jämfört med ett år tidigare.

55 procent av den peruanska befolkningen lever i fattigdom (motsvarade 14.6 miljoner). Den extrema fattigdomen har ökat från 19.9 procent (2000) till 24.4 procent (2001).

Därtill kommer en svindlade ojämlikhet mellan de som har och de som ingenting har. Nästan halva befolkningen överlever nätt och jämt från dag till dag som gatuförsäljare.

I Limas katedral vid Plaza Mayor finns innanför ingången en grav med en synlig träkista. Här vilar Fransisco Pizarro, en “illitterat grisuppfödare” (enligt Eduardo Galeano i “Latinamerikas öppna ådror”), en av historiens vidrigaste figurer, som borde ha ställts inför krigsförbrytardomstol.

Inkaimperiet var 1532 en latinamerikansk motsvarighet till Romarriket. Hit kom Pizarro, den spanske conquistadoren med 168 män. Genom bedrägeri tillfångatogs den då nyblivne inkan Athauallpa och avrättades genom garrottering, strypning.

Inkafolkets kultur, en av mänsklighetens märkligaste, plundrades och gick under. Spanjorernas vapen, särskilt krutet, fällde utslaget.

I efterhand förväxlar vi vapenmakt med kulturell överlägsenhet. Samma i vår tid.

Inkatidens högtstående kultur framgår av arkeologiska lämningar. Dock hade man inget skriftspråk och uppfann aldrig hjulet.

Vilket “hjul” saknas i vår västerländska civilisation?

Pizarro mördades av sina egna. Liket kastades undan. Han drevs liksom sina mördare av girighet efter inkafolkets guld.

Hans verkliga kvarlevor hittades vid en renovering av kyrkan 1977. Amerikanska experter bekräftade fyndet.

På Plaza San Martin i gamla Lima, vajar en dag röda flaggor, en av dem med uppmaningen “Revolucion”. USA:s president Bush avbildas som en djävul med horn, han har nyligen besökt huvudstaden – och mötts med blandade känslor.

Tre dagar före visiten exploderade nära USA:s ambassad en bilbomb som dödade nio och skadade trettio. Sannolikt låg Sendero Luminoso bakom attentatet. Högerextrema paramilitära grupper ledda av Fujimoris förre säkerhetschef Montesinos (i dag i fängelse, på 70-talet avlönad av CIA) misstänks också.

Kort tid efter besöket, med löften om stort amerikanskt stöd till bekämpning av drogmaffian i landet, la Peru om sin tidigare Kubavänliga politik.

Tydliga tecken finns på ökad produktion av coca (råvara för kokain) och vallmo (heroin), enligt material från amerikanska spionsatelliter. Vissa laglösa delar av landet behärskas av knarkmaffian. Det är också här som de i dag 300 – 400 Sendero Luminoso-gerillasoldaterna håller till.

Sören Sommelius, sosommelius@hd.se

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