Trykt som kronik i Information i juni 2005

Vores oplevelse af tryghed rystes af voldsepisoder på gader og stræder. Og vi ønsker, at nogen handler, så vi selv og vore familier kan færdes frit og sikkert: De skyldige må findes og straffes. Retssystemet og staten sørger på ofrets vegne for, at retfærdigheden sker fyldest. Så langt så godt.

Vores ærinde er ikke at nedbryde eller erstatte retssystemet. Men spørgsmålet er, om samfundet gør nok for at bryde de spiraler af hævn, gengældelse og vold, som risikerer at gøre livet endnu mere utrygt for almindelige borgere. Kan der gøres mere?

Det danske forsøg med konfliktråd i straffesager blev indført for at give ofrene for kriminalitet mulighed for, gennem et møde med gerningsmanden, at få talt ud om episoden og dens konsekvenser. Vi ved, at det for mange har medført, at de igen turde færdes i det lokale miljø uden frygt for at møde gerningsmanden eller blive ofre for nye overgreb. Gerningsmanden har dermed stillet op til konfrontation og taget ansvaret på sig – ikke blot over for en dommer, men direkte over for den, overgrebet er gået ud over. Det kræver mod, men det giver også gerningsmanden en mulighed for at få åbnet for nye handlemuligheder i konflikter end de voldelige. I Danmark har konfliktråd været et supplement til straf, enten før eller efter at en dom er afsagt.

I Norge har man 15 års erfaringer med de nu landsdækkende konfliktråd, som i visse sager træder i stedet for en straf, hvis mødet resultater i en aftale, som gerningsmanden overholder. Sker dette ikke, overgår sagen til almindelig retsforfølgelse.

Mægling i konflikter

Konfliktmægling har været anvendt til alle tider, hvor mennesker har været knyttet sammen i fællesskab. I konfliktmægling er det en uvildig tredjepart, der faciliterer dialogen mellem parterne i konflikten. En nødvendig forudsætning for konfliktmægling er, at parterne i konflikten er indstillet på at afprøve mæglingsmuligheder. Konfliktmægleren må derfor, før mæglingsforløbet kan påbegyndes, undersøge parternes syn på deltagelse i mæglingsprocessen.

Et grundlæggende element i konfliktmægling er, at det er parterne, der selv taler sig til rette og løser konflikten. Konfliktmægleren må ikke bidrage med løsningsforslag til konflikten. Dette er for at sikre, at ejerskabet til konflikten forbliver hos parterne, og at de løsninger, de vælger, udspringer af dialogen imellem dem. Forslaget om blodpenge, fremsat af en af imamerne i København i forbindelse med drabet ved Café Rust, kan ikke bruges i mæglingsprocessen, da forslaget er fremsat, uden at parternes behov og ønsker er blevet undersøgt.

På Center for Konfliktløsning bruger vi billedet af et timeglas til at illustrere konfliktmæglingsprocessen . Mæglingsforløbet begynder i den øverste, brede del af timeglasset, hvor konflikten mildest talt kan betegnes som kaotisk. Her ser man en sammenblanding af forskellige interesser, normer, traditioner og værdier. Endvidere er det faktorer som krænkede følelser, umødte behov, misforståelser og manglende lyst til at høre på hinanden, der kendetegner den øverste del af timeglasset. Det virker, som om ørerne er “faldet af”, og parterne kun hører det, de ønsker at høre og ikke det, der bliver sagt.

Konfliktmæglerens rolle er i den fase at hjælpe parterne til at nå frem til en tovejskommunikation, hvor de begynder at tale sammen og lytte til hinanden. Det er her, bevægelsen mod den indsnævrede del af timeglasset begynder, som kan føre frem til en transformation af konflikten. Når parterne kommer ud af dette område ind i den nedre del af timeglasset, har konflikten nået den fase, hvor de kan få øje på flere muligheder for at finde nye løsninger på deres indbyrdes konflikt. Dette er i forenklet form et billede af mæglingsprocessen.

Erfaringer fra andre dele af verdenen

Der findes imidlertid andre former for behandling af overgreb, konflikter og kriminalitet, som ligner mægling, og som vi også kan inspireres af. I New Zealand opstod i 1989 de såkaldte familie gruppe-konferencer i et forsøg på at komme i overensstemmelse med den maoriske befolkning og dennes værdigrundlag og traditioner. Resultaterne har været så overbevisende, at disse konferencer, hvor familier og andre berørte parter inddrages i løsningerne, i dag udgør kernen i retssystemet med hensyn til håndtering af ungdomskriminalitet. Det traditionelle retssystem fungerer som bagstopper.

Forskellige udgaver af konference-modeller har bredt sig til mange andre samfund i bl.a. Nordamerika, England, Sydafrika og Australien. Konfliktrådsmæglere i Oslo har i “Prosjekt Gatemegling” med succes afprøvet konferencemodellen – som på norsk kaldes stormøder – i mere alvorlige sager, hvor der indgår vold enten mellem unge eller udøvet af unge.

I stormødet deltager både de direkte involverede parter og forskellige støttepersoner og familie, som er berørt af hændelserne. Stormøderne fungerer som en stærk reaktion fra det nære samfund over for udøverne af overgrebet, samtidig med at disse får mulighed for at undskylde og påtage sig forpligtelser, som kan rette op på de skader, de har forvoldt. Et sådant møde ansigt til ansigt ledet af en upartisk tredjepart har mulighed for at bryde den hævnspiral, som ellers er et velkendt resultat af, at en gerningsmand som regel også føler sig eller kommer til at føle sig som offer: Krænkede mennesker er bange mennesker, og bange mennesker er farlige mennesker. Denne vekselvirkning mellem rollen som offer og gerningsmand håndteres ikke af retssystemets idømmelse af straffe.

Europarådet anbefaler

Europarådets ministerkomité udsendte i 1999 en anbefaling til medlemsstaterne vedrørende mægling i straffesager. Det skete ud fra en betragtning om, “at der er behov for at øge den aktive, personlige deltagelse i strafferetsprocessen hos ofret, gerningsmanden og andre, der måtte være berørt som parter i sagen, såvel som hos samfundet.” Anbefalingen understreger den frivillige og aktive deltagelse og nævner forskellige former, der kan tages i anvendelse:

• Udveksling af synspunkter, sådan at offer og gerningsmand forstår hinanden bedre.

• Undskyldning og en frivillig aftale om at gerningsmanden skal yde erstatning til ofret.

• En frivillig aftale, hvorefter gerningsmanden påtager sig en eller anden handling, så som samfundstjeneste eller deltagelse i et resocialiseringsprojekt.

• Løsning af en konflikt mellem offer og gerningsmand, eller mellem deres familie eller venner.

• Et program bestående af sanktioner og handlinger, parterne er blevet enige om, og som kan forelægges domstolen som et forslag til en dom eller en retskendelse.

Gerningsmandens ejendomsret til konflikten

De norske konfliktråds idémæssige ‘fader’, kriminologen Nils Christie, peger i sin efterhånden klassiske artikel “Konflikt som eiendom” fra 1977 på en væsentlig gevinst ved at fokusere mere på processer til genopretning af ofrenes tab og lidelser: Gerningsmanden er i retssalen blot tilhører til en diskussion – som han ofte slet ikke forstår – om hvor megen smerte i form af straf, han bør modtage. I mæglingsprocessen kan han i stedet blive deltager i en diskussion om, hvordan han kunne gøre det godt igen. Christie fremhæver, at de fleste gerningsmænd måske foretrækker den afstand til ofret, som retssagen tilbyder, og stiller spørgsmålet: “De fleste er fuldstændig villige til at opgive deres ejendomsret til konflikten. Så spørgsmålet er mere: er vi villige til at lade gerningsmænd opgive den?”

“Alle mennesker har en ukrænkelig værdi og et potentiale for det gode”

Citatet af Gandhi udtrykker det menneskesyn, der ligger under tankerne om konfliktmægling. Mægling under en eller anden form har sin berettigelse også i forbindelse med konflikter, der får en voldelig og tragisk udgang, sådan som det skete for nylig ved Café Rust. Det, der kræves af os er, at vi viser en dyb forståelse og respekt for de krænkede behov hos parterne i konflikten, og derigennem er med til at afdække andre, ikkevoldelige handlemuligheder i fremtidige konfliktsituationer. Vi kan godt diskutere emner som blodpenge og sharialovgivning, men vi bør også være opmærksom på menneskenes stræben efter et trygt og værdigt liv. Er vi tjent med at lukke øjnene for inspiration til andre reaktionsformer, der kan ændre den automatiske optrapning i voldelige konflikter?

Af Asad Ahmad, faglig koordinator, Center for Konfliktløsning og Lotte Christy, Master i Konfliktmægling, underviser og mægler ved Center for Konfliktløsning.

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