Humanitär intervention – en humanitär katastrof?

Helsingborgs Dagblad

Vad är humanitär intervention? Kan rättvisa skapas mot krigsförbrytare? Varför motsätter sig USA en permanent krigsförbrytardomstol?

“Humanitär intervention” är den term med vilken Nato rättfärdigar bombningarna av Jugoslavien. Människorättskränkningarna ledde till att bombningarna blev humanitärt nödvändiga, menar man. Kritikerna menar tvärtemot att Nato vållat och utlöst en humanitär katastrof genom att bomba i stället för att arbeta med konfliktlindrande åtgärder.

Ett seminarium under fredskonferensen i Haag ägnades åt att försöka reda ut vad begreppet “humanitär intervention” egentligen står för.

– En grundfråga är hur man ska bemöta massiva människorättskränkningar, sa Mient-Jan Faber, från holländska sektionen av människorättsorganisationen Helsinkikommittén, HCA.

Kan man hejda kränkningar av mänskliga rättigheter med bomber? Eller förvärrar bomber bara?

Vehid Sehic kommer från Medborgarforum i bosniska Tuzla, en av sex städer som under kriget i Bosnien förklarades som säker zon under FN-beskydd.

– Medborgarna i Tuzla försvarade sig själva. Det var varken Nato eller FN utan medborgarnas starka övertygelse som gjorde att Tuzla inte drabbades av nationalistiskt gift och av krigets förstörelse.

Vehid Sehic är kritisk till bombningarna:

– Jag var mot Natos bombningar av Jugoslavien redan innan de började. Det var lätt att förutsäga att bombningarna skulle leda till en humanitär katastrof. Det är svårt för bosniska flyktingar att återvända. Hur ska det då inte bli för flyktingarna från Kosovo.

Mary Kaldor, ordförande i Internationella HCA, instämde.

– HCA är ingen icke-våldsorganisation. Sedan början av Kosovokrisen har vi begärt marktrupper för att försvara de civila. Tyvärr ser inte Nato skyddet av de civila som sin huvuduppgift. För Nato gäller det framförallt att förgöra den serbiska fienden.

Lyal Sunga arbetar för FN:s flyktingkommissariat UNHCR. – “Humanitära interventioner” är ett begrepp som ytterst lätt kan missbrukas och som kan ge “de goda staterna” självpåtagen rätt att bomba de andra. Begreppet är subjektivt och kan användas för att skyla över de egna verkliga intressena. Nästan varje gång har de politiska intressena varit viktigast i sådana här sammanhang, även om det inte varit tydligt från början.

Indien stödde Bangladesh under befrielsekriget. Samtidigt försvagade man därigenom ärkefienden Pakistan. Också i Nicaragua hette det att USA ingrep för att skydda mänskliga rättigheter.

– Det finns ingen allmän rätt för någon att utan FN:s mandat intervenera i en annan stat. Kevin Clemens, amerikansk fredsforskare från International Alert är också kritisk.

– Det är viktigt att bara tillgripa militärt våld när alla icke-våldsmetoder är uttömda. Kosovo är därmed ett dåligt exempel på humanitär intervention.

En humanitär intervention måste vara opartisk och göra rättvisa åt alla, med syfte att lindra mänskligt lidande.

– Man får inte stödja någon sida. Man måste visa respekt för kulturell mångfald.

Mary Kaldor menade till slut att en verklig humanitär intervention är något annat än det vi sett nu.

– Då måste det gälla att skydda individer och arrestera de förövare som är skyldiga till krigsförbrytelser.

Mitt emot det kongresscentrum där fredskonferensen i Haag genomförs ligger Internationella Krigsförbrytartribunalen för Jugoslavien och Rwanda. Frågan om en permanent krigsförbrytartribunal står i centrum under kongressen.

I ett civilt samhälle finns lagar. En polisstyrka upprätthåller lagarna. Den som bryter mot lagarna ställs inför rätta.

I världssamfundet finns FN-stadgan och en rad internationella konventioner som merparten av jordens länder undertecknat. Men det finns ingen “internationell polis” och ingen permanent internationell domstol.

I juli 1998 beslöts vid en internationell konferens i Rom att upprätta en sådan domstol, ICC, International Criminal Court. 120 stater röstade för, sju var emot, däribland USA och Israel.

Domstolen ska inte behandla brott av stater, endast brott av individer, sådant som deltagande i folkmord, brott mot mänskligheten.

USA accepterar inte att ICC dömer amerikanska medborgare. Följaktligen skulle enligt det amerikanska synsättet Pinochet bara kunna dömas i Chile och en krigsförbrytare från något land på Balkan bara i det egna landet. Med den hållningen blir ICC en omöjlighet.

– Det gäller offrens rätt till rättvisa, sa Juan Garcés, en av de spanska jurister som så framgångsrikt drivit kravet om att Pinochet måste ställas inför rätta för sina brott under fascismens år i Chile.

Fabiola Letelier, ordförande i en chilensk människorättsgrupp, underströk behovet av en ICC:

– En permanent krigsförbrytartribunal blir det viktigaste skyddet av mänskliga rättigheter sedan FN:s deklaration om de mänskliga rättigheterna antogs.

Hon motsatte sig särskilt resonemangen om immunitet.

– Immunitet förstör likheten inför lagen och gör att några blir viktigare än andra och att de därmed inte kan dömas, varmed historiska oförätter förblir öppna sår. Immunitet blir en andra kränkning av mänskliga rättigheter. Stora utmaningar väntar de länder som vill bygga på rättvisa och solidaritet, med jämlikhet och deltagande medborgare, som kan kräva rättvisa och påverka sitt öde.

En ung juridikstudent från det krigshärjade Rwanda sammanfattar vad många menar:

– Jag är chockerad över att USA inte ställer sig bakom ICC och att man därtill utövar påtryckningar mot andra länder för att de inte heller ska underteckna.

© Helsingborgs Dagblad

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