Av Gunnar Westberg

Kärnvapenhotet ökar. I det läget blir det nyligen träffade avtalet som förbjuder kärnvapen ännu viktigare, menar Gunnar Westberg, Svenska Läkare mot Kärnvapen och TFF styrelsemedlem

Varför har det inte blivit något kärnvapenkrig sedan bomberna föll över Hiroshima och Nagasaki år 1945? Varför använde inte Sovjet atomvapen i Afghanistan, inte USA i Vietnam eller Irak? Jo, därför att alla inser att kärnvapen är en särskild klass av vapen, med alltför förfärande humanitära konsekvenser, som inte kan jämföras med några andra. ”Jag förlorar hellre kriget i Vietnam än tar till atomvapen” sade president Lyndon Johnson. Man menade under det kalla kriget att kärnvapen inte är till för att användas utan enbart för avskräckning.

”Vi har lärt oss leva med bomben och måste fortsätta med den”– det är en föreställning som har blivit en självklarhet för många, särskilt i kärnvapenstaterna. Dessvärre grundar sig denna uppfattning på okunnighet. Man är inte medveten om att världen under det kalla kriget vid flera tillfällen var nära ett globalt kärnvapenkrig som kunde ha ödelagt hela den mänskliga civilisationen.

Risken består även idag. Ett kärnvapenkrig kan startas av misstag och missförstånd, men också genom angrepp på internet av ”hackers”. Är vi säkra på att inte en desperat ledare kan komma att ”trycka på knappen”? Under Watergate-skandalen yrade en berusad president Nixon om att han hade den möjligheten. Så länge kärnvapnen finns kvar finns risken att de används.

Många anser att faran av ett kärnvapenkrig ökar för närvarande. Den ryske presidenten Vladimir Putin har vid flera tillfällen sagt att om Nato anfaller ryskt intresseområde skulle han överväga att använda ”några kärnvapen” som varning.

USA rustar upp sina kärnvapen i Europa. För närvarande är dessa flygplansburna vapen av typen ”fritt fallande bomber”. Nu moderniseras de emellertid till styrbara kärnvapenmissiler med god precision. De har enligt tillverkaren en förmåga att tränga ner i marken några meter innan de detonerar. Därigenom blir de effektiva mot ledningscentraler och missil-silos och får en uppgift vid ett ”lokalt kärnvapenkrig på den europeiska teatern”.

Det förefaller alltså som om USA/Nato och Ryssland nu är på väg tillbaka till sextiotalets kärnvapenstrategi: Kärnvapnen är inte längre enbart avskräckande, utan kärnvapnen kan användas som ett vapen bland andra.

Insikten om detta problem präglar den nyligen utgivna rapporten från Försvarets forskningsinstitut ”Kärnvapen för slagfältsbruk och europeisk säkerhet”. Där tar man det ryska kärnvapenhotet på stort allvar. Man vill att Sverige skall förbereda sig med ett ”försvar” mot ett kärnvapenanfall. Detta är, menar jag, inte möjligt.

Även ett litet antal ”små” taktiska kärnvapen, kanske lika ”små” som bomben mot Hiroshima, skulle åstadkomma en ofantlig skada. Skyddsrum mot kärnvapen är värdelösa mot atomvapen, detta lärde vi oss redan på sextiotalet. Att sprida ut det svenska militära försvaret inför ett eventuellt kärnvapenanfall är också meningslöst; då skulle en angripare bara öka antalet kärnvapen. Tillgången är obegränsad.

I detta läge är det nyligen – 7 juli i år – träffade FN-avtalet som förbjuder kärnvapen synnerligen viktigt. Överenskommelsen innebär att de länder som ratificerar avtalet förbinder sig att inte inneha, utveckla, tillverka och – just nu det viktigaste – hota med kärnvapen. Avtalet kom till stånd efter ett samarbete mellan ett antal frivilligorganisationer, främst International Campaign Against Nuclear Weapons, ICAN, och positivt inställda regeringar. Inte mindre än 122 stater röstade för förbudet.

Inga kärnvapenstater stöder avtalet. En tydlig order hade också utgått från USA att Nato-länder och andra som står under USA:s ”kärnvapenparaply” inte fick stödja förslaget.

Avtalet leder inte omedelbart till kärnvapennedrustning men är likväl viktigt. Man kan jämföra med förbudet mot personminor: USA och Ryssland har inte skrivit under men följer mer och mer avtalets regler. Detsamma gäller avtalet mot klustervapen: USA, som inte undertecknat, upphör med tillverkning av dessa vapen nästa år.

USA:s regering har engagerat sig starkt mot överenskommelsen. Ett amerikanskt regeringsdokument beklagar att avtalet förbjuder kärnvapenavskräckning. Vad beträffar Ryssland kan avtalet användas mot president Putins oansvariga tal om att använda taktiska kärnvapen tidigt i en konflikt. Varje gång en regering talar om kärnvapnens betydelse för avskräckning kommer man att veta att man talar emot ett avtal med mycket starkt internationellt stöd.

Sverige var dock sent ute i den process som ledde till avtalet och skulle kanske inte ha röstat för detta om inte fredsorganisationerna, bl.a. Svenska Läkare mot kärnvapen, tryckt på kraftigt. För Sveriges del förväntar vi oss naturligtvis att regeringen skriver under och att riksdagen ratificerar avtalet när detta blir möjligt den 20 september i år. Sverige bör verka pådrivande och samarbeta med andra kärnvapenfria stater.

Medical education and professional career

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