Efter milliardbataljonen i Kosovo:Hur hitta pengar till den nästa humanitära katastrofen?

Christian Hårleman
Fd överstelöjtnant, f.d chef utbildningsavd för fredsbevarande operationer i FN,
rådgivare till Institute of World Affairs, Washington D.C
e-mail: ch.harleman@crido.pp.se

Jan Øberg, fil.dr.
Direktör, Transnationella Stiftelsen för Freds- och framtidsforskning, TFF, i Lund
e-mail: tff@transnational.live

Sverige håller på att installera ungefär 850 soldater i Kosovo som ska delta i KFOR, den militära styrka om 45.000 soldater med tung utrustning, som kom på plats i kölvattnet på NATO:s krig mot Jugoslavien under våren.Kostnaden uppges vara 900 miljoner kronor.
Detta är den största enskilda satsning vår regering gör för att bidra till en lösning av de svåra problemen i och kring Kosovo. I jämförelse har Sverige avsatt 84 miljoner kronor år 1999 och år 2000 för civila insatser inom FN:s UNMIK-mission i Kosovo och 170 miljoner till humanitära insatser.
Ett genomgående inslag i Sveriges och det såkallade internationella samfundets (fel)hantering av Balkans konflikter sedan 1980-talet har varit att fokusera på ett enda område åt gången och strunta i tumregel nummer ett: att allt hänger samman med allt annat på Balkan.

Kommer Sverige att ha medel kvar ifall det blir fler humanitära kriser på Balkan eller annorstädes? I Serbien hotar sammanbrott och social nöd. Om det vill sig riktigt illa, inbördeskrig. Serbien har dessutom ungefär 900.000 flyktingar från Kroatien, Bosnien och nu Kosovo, som det internationella samfundet i åratal har struntat i. Väst uppmuntrar Montenegro att bryta sig ur federationen, något som inte kommer att gå fredligt för sig. Ett sammanbrott här, omfattande 11 miljoner människor, kommer rimligen att innebära en vida större humanitär katastrof än den vi upplevt under våren för Kosovos befolkning.

OM detta händer, kommer KFOR att sitta med armarna i kors eller rullar man då in i det övriga Serbien och/eller Montenegro, eventuellt med förstärkningar och nya bombningar? Har man övervägt RISKEN att svenska soldater kan komma att befinna sig i en krigsliknande miljö eller måste evakueras under kaotiska omständigheter?

Makedonien har alltid varit skört. FN:s mission där har tvingats packa ihop i ett storpolitiskt spel, som handlat om att NATO skulle in i regionen. OSCE:s mission i Skopje är mikroskopisk. De sociala spänningarna i landet förvärrades betydligt under flyktingströmmens press på det makedonska samhället; NATO gjorde i en period landet till ett kombinerat flyktingläger och militärbas – något som fått alla att fråga sig huruvida Makedonien egentligen är en respekterad självständig stat. Makedonernas såväl som albanernas identitet blev i praktiken ifrågasatt. Den existerande koalitionsregeringen är bräcklig och ingen vet vilken dynamik som presidentvalet i slutet av oktober kan skapa. Ekonomin är sämre, mer grå och svart, än någonsin under 90-talet.

Albanien? Ja, också här kan man ifrågasätta om det är – och kommer att vara – en sammanhängande stat i vanlig mening. Det är gott om konflikter mellan olika albanska grupper, samt mellan Nord och Syd.

En annan fråga gäller den reellt existerande humanismen. De albanska flyktingarna i Makedonien och Albanien fick på ett par veckor ett humanitärt stöd på ungefär 12 gånger det Afrikas flyktingar får efter att ha varit flyktingar i åratal. Inget annat krisområde i världen har NATO, FN:s alla organisationer, OSCE samt därutöver drygt 300 andra internationella organisationer – eller kanske 75.000 internationella hjälparbetare på plats.

Om man ser på behoven i många andra av världens brännpunkter och dess behov av civila stödåtgärder och av tidiga insatser för att undvika våld – eller av att stoppa våld som är mångdubbelt större än Kosovos – bör Sveriges militanta satsning kraftigt ifrågasättas. I Svenska Dagbladet för den 8 oktober kan man dessutom läsa att Sverige riskerar att sakna 400-600 miljoner kronor och hamna under den “skamgräns” som 0,7% av vårt BNP till ulandsbistånd utgör. Var är vårt globala tänkande? Var tog rättvisa och kloka, behovsbaserade prioriteringar vägen?

Är Sveriges politik snarare uttryck för en internationell konkurrens, en strategisk positionering i förhållande till USA, EU och NATO (inkl framtida medlemskap)? Och vilka andra budgetar kommer som konsekvens av Sveriges dyra närvaro att skäras ned?

Med en annan militär och en större, konstruktiv civil insats kunde så mycket annat åstadkommas – på områden som andra länder också underprioriterar och där behoven är enorma. Här är några konkreta alternativ:

1. Där fundamentala principer i en demokratisk rättsstat är ifrågasatta och/eller där interna konflikter har tvingat det internationella samfundet att agera, är ett av medlen att implementera och skapa kunskap och förståelse för dessa principer – vilka i sig utgör en fundamental grund för den kommande demokratiserings- och försoningsprocessen. I Kosovo med 45.000 soldater från mer ån 20 nationer måste det naturligen råda en olikartad syn vad gäller kunskap om eller brott mot dessa principer. Sverige skulle i framtiden kunna bidra med att inom den fredsbevarande organisationens ram utbilda dess personal (militär som civil) och således medverka till att all personal erhöll en enad syn på både vad gäller Genèvekonventions applicering inom ett konfliktområde där stridshandlingar pågår såväl som en gemensam kunskap om de mänskliga rättigheterna och dess betydelse för fredsprocessen som sådan.

2. Vi bör definitivt hålla mänskliga och ekonomiska resurser i beredskap för kommande kriser på Balkan – och på andra platser. Men vi måste omprioritera vårt engagemang och satsa mera på konfliktförebyggande åtgärder samt på ett mer konstruktivt sätt delta i återuppbyggnads- och försoningsarbeten men ävenledes förbättra den politiska såväl som den militära flexibilitet vid krishantering. Säkert är att vi inte sett slutet på våldet och sociala problem i regionen. Och på den mänskliga försoningens och demokratins område har insatserna hitintills i stort misslyckats.

3. Att i grunden förändra ett traditionellt synsätt inom olika etniska grupperingar kräver en långsiktighet som går långt utöver det vanliga. Den unga generationen, de påverkbara, de som lättast förlåter och senare förstår måste genom utbildning bibringas ett homogent synsätt där förståelsen och erkännande av de mänskliga värderingar går före det hitintills varande nationalistiska och traditionalistiska/isolationalistiska tänkandet. Att medverka i en sådan process skulle kunna vara ett medel för en återuppbyggnadsprocess och där vi kunde bidra till utveckla program för undervisning i fred, tolerans, konfliktlösning och försoning.

4. Vi kunde ta initiativ till att upprätta ett försoningsinstitut på Balkan, som ett bidrag till Balkans långsiktiga psykologiska, sociala och kulturella återuppbyggnad – och förhindra att de, som i dag är unga och har lidit oerhört, kommer att upprepa/hämnas vad föräldregenerationen har gjort, när de själva blir samhällsledare.Efter allt som hänt behövs omfattande psykosociala insatser och mödosamt arbete med ungdomar och (andra)traumatiserade människor i hela Jugoslavien samt i Makedonien och Albanien.

5. Vi skulle även kunna initiera ett institut för förebyggande av våldsliga konflikter, som genom att studera och analysera den politiska och sociala och ekonomiska utvecklingen, konstruktivt kan medverka i den kommande fredsprocessen och på så sätt tidigt förvarna om negativa eller potentiell farliga utvecklingstendenser.

6. Som i fallet med Central Amerika efter katastrofen Mitch kunde svenskt näringsliv aktivt deltaga i återuppbyggnadsprocessen med riskvilliga investeringar nu när det som mest behövs. Vi kunde hjälpa Makedonien med riskvilliga investeringar nu när det som mest behövs – och därmed kompensera dem något lite för de milliardförluster, som de påförts sedan 1991 då sanktionerna infördes mot deras största marknad, Serbien/Jugoslavien. Det är de som har betalat priset för Västs sanktionspolitik.

Mycket har gått snett för internationella samfundet i rollen som konflikthanterare under 90-talet, senast och kanske värst i Kosovo. Vi behöver en öppen, självkritisk debatt om det som gjorts och om vad Sverige i framtiden bör delta i och hur.

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