Drömmen om arabisk revansch är ständigt levande

Av Håkan Palm

24 mars 2003

Helsingborgs Dagblad 2 mars 2003

Den irakiska regimen står inte och faller med Saddam Hussein. Maktens trådar väver via klanerna djupt ner

i samhället på ett komplicerat sätt. Många irakier har mycket att förlora på ett regimskifte. USA kan heller inte skaka fram en trovärdig ersättare över en natt, hävdar Khaled Bayomi, historiker vid Lunds universitet.

Takhalof är ett arabiskt ord s om betyder “att hamna på efterkälken”. Det är ett viktigt begrepp i arabismens nationalistiska världsbild som används för politisk mobilisering, berättar Khaled Bayomi, expert på arabstaternas statliga propaganda.

Takhalof är den sorgliga fortsättningen på en svunnen guldålder, det tillstånd av dekadens som infann sig sedan det arabiska världsväldet vittrat sönder och överflyglats av Europa och övriga västvärlden.

Men tanken på come back i stor stil är ständigt levande. Drömmen om en pånyttfödelse är ett starkt retorisk instrument som arabiska och muslimska ledare av skilda slag kan spela på, menar Khaled Bayomi, och det är också i det ljuset som man ska se Saddam Husseins ambitioner ända sedan han grep makten i Irak 1968. Han klev fram ur Bathpartiets led, vars namn just betyder pånyttfödelse (för hela det arabiska folket) och Bath har ofta förknippats med aggressiv revolutionär arabisk nationalism.

– Det är storhetstiden som lockar tillsammans med löften om materiell folklig välfärd. Frågan är bara hur man ska komma dit igen. Där har meningarna skiljt sig. Somliga, som Bin Ladin och Al Kajda avvisar alla moderna strukturer och vill återgå till de islamiska rötterna. Men Saddam Hussein ville gå en annan väg och kopiera västvärldens framsteg.

Under 1970-talet utvecklades Irak tack vare goda oljeinkomster till en modern stat som ifråga om utbildningsnivå och välfärd kunde mäta sig med många västländer. Även kvinnorna fann vägen till höga positioner. Demokrati och respekt för mänskliga rättigheter var det visserligen aldrig tal om, men på den tiden fick Saddam Hussein ändå många vänskapliga klappar på axeln av västvärlden.

– Men välfärden var bara ett medel för det långsiktiga målet. Saddam Husseins vision var att bygga en mäktig arabstat från Marocko till Irans gräns under Iraks hegemoniska ledning. Att Irak från 1990 till följd av krig och ekonomiska sanktioner åter fallit djupt ner i fattigdom har inte rubbat honom.

Det är samma sak med det krig som nu tycks stå för dörren. Segern är inte att kunna hålla USA och dess allierade stången på slagfältet utan att bibehålla den politiska visionen. Om kriget till exempel skulle leda till revolter mot sittande regimer någonstans i arabvärlden skulle Saddam Hussein se det som en stor framgång även om priset är ett miltärt nederlag för Irak, säger Khaled Bayomi.

Malmöbon Khaled Bayomi är född och uppväxt i Egypten men har vistats flera år i Irak som student innan han flyttade till Lunds universitet, där han nu är forskare vid historiska institutionen.

Han säger att han rör sig lika hemtamt i Kairos eller Basras studentkvarter som i Malmö eller Lund. Han var i Bagdad under Iran-Irak kriget och under bombningarna 1998 och tror sig känna den politiska kulturen i Irak och irakiernas mentalitet rätt väl.

Irak är en järnhård diktatur. Och grym. Men, säger han, irakierna var utifrån de förutsättningar som fanns till hands ändå rätt nöjda med Saddam Husseins brutala välfärdsstat så länge den varade. Det finns en stolthet över framstegen på 1970- och 80-talet, till och med en snorkig självsäkerhet som besvärar grannländerna, hävdar Khaled Bayomi.

– Politisk demokrati är inte det mest nödvändiga för irakierna just nu utan istället är det sanktionerna som de vill slippa så att de kan återta sin förlorade välfärd. Först därefter kan det bli tal om demokratisering. Folk är inte dumma utan har lärt sig att leva efter regeln “vad är mest nödvändigt för tillfället”.

Men varför står då irakierna ut med en härskare som Saddam Hussein som genom ett par vansinniga krig just tagit ifrån dem deras välstånd?

– Det är en bra fråga, säger Khaled Bayomi och svarar genom att att dra en parallell med Napoleon som också lyckades samla sitt folk bakom sig långt efter att de franska arméerna börjat stapla nederlagen på varandra.

– Saddam Hussein är mycket skicklig på att mobilisera massorna och en lysande taktiker. Han har en sällsynt förmåga att splittra sina fiender. Det finns det många aktuella exempel på. 1991 just efter Gulfkriget lyckades han uppnå en politisk uppgörelse med kurderna i norr som gav honom fria händer att slå ner det shiitiska upproret i söder. Därefter kunde han med ryggen fri ta i tu med kurderna och slå ner upproret i norr. På det regionala planet har han lyckats normalisera relationerna till alla sina forna fiender från Gulfkrigets dagar utom Kuwait. Handeln blomstrar faktiskt.

Khaled Bayomi anser att USA gör misstaget att tro att Saddam är en envåldshärskare av östeuropeisk modell, som Ceausescu i Rumänien ungefär. Men den irakiska regimen är inte identisk med Saddam.

– Den väver djupt ner i samhället på ett mycket komplicerat sätt. Dessutom kan Saddam lägga om kursen 180 grader utan att blinka. Efter Gulfkriget släppte han sitt diktatoriska moderniseringsprojekt och började decentralisera makten. Religionen fick plötsligt en större roll i en tidigare förhållandevis sekulariserad stat. Samtidigt lät han klansamhället blomstra upp, alltså den gamla underliggande strukturen. Många är beroende av hans privilegier. Att på ett eller annat sätt vara “presidentens vän” är lönande. Det finns mycket att förlora på ett regimskifte för många. Därför kommer man att kämpa mot förändringar “för Irak”, om än inte för Saddam Hussein.

Khaled Bayomi vill visa på att en kula i huvudet på Saddam Hussein inte skulle lösa alla problem, och inte ett erövringskrig heller.

– Och krig blir det, frågan är bara hur stort. Ska USA ockupera Irak i två eller tio år framåt? Kriget kommer att leda till ett oerhört politiskt fiasko inte bara i Irak utan i hela regionen. Med militärmakt kommer USA inte att lyckas att införa sina ideal, demokrati och marknadsekonomi. Hyckleriet blir alltför tydligt när man samtidigt allierar sig med andra diktaturer i regionen. Och det kommer att bli hopplöst att hitta ett alternativ över en natt till den politiska struktur som Saddam Hussein har haft hela 35 år på sig att bygga upp. En ny regim står inför utsikten att tvingas ställa upp som civil förvaltare för en kolonialmakt, anser han.

Dessutom, menar Khaled Bayomi, gör USA ett felslut om man tror att man kan köra över Iraks komplicerade maktstruktur och spränga Irak som stat. Visserligen kan staten Irak ses som en kolonial produkt i första världskrigets kölvatten, sammanfogad av tre gamla provinser i det turkiska väldet; Basra, Bagdad och Mosul.

– Men Irak som politiskt begrepp är urgammalt. Det hade redan funnits i tusentals år när Bagdad anlades på 700-talet. Många kulturer har mötts här och ingår helt enkelt i den irakiska identiteten. De nominella härskarna har kanske funnits på annat håll men Irak har ändå alltid existerat, med Bagdad som multikulturell huvudstad de senaste 1200 åren. Det är ett starkt historiskt kitt. Den som försöker lösa upp det kommer att åstadkomma en oöverskådlig oreda.

Bagdadbor hyllar Saddam Hussein. Alla vet att fri opinionsbildning är omöjlig i Irak och att propagandan genomsyrar allt. Ändå har presidenten lyckats skapa en maktfördelning, som gör att många har mycket att förlora på förändringar, anser Khaled Bayomi. Foto: SCANPIX

Khaleb Bayomi är historiker vid Lunds universitet och arbetar på en avhandling om statlig arabisk propaganda.

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