I det mörkaste Peru 4
Reflexioner från en resa

Inkastaden Machu Picchu tillhör självklart Världskulturarvet, men ingick länge också i det Hotade Världskulturarvet, då peruanska myndigheternas hade planer på att bygga en linbana för att ta hit än fler turister.

Platsen ligger numera också i dollarzonen.

På tåget från Cuzco till Machu Picchu (enda sättet att komma dit) beställer en amerikan en flaska mineralvatten och betalar med en tiodollarsedel, som om Peru vore en amerikansk provins.

Järnvägen är ett mirakel. Första biten från Cuzco är så brant att tåget måste fara i zick-zack flera gånger, först upp en bit, sen baklänges på nytt spår. Det är den märkligaste tågresa jag gjort.

Sista biten går mellan höga berg i en djup ravin längs Urubambafloden, dessvärre så förorenad att det inte går att fiska i den.

Efter fyra timmars resa kommer jag till en by med varma källor, Aguas Caliente, “De varma vattnen”, vid den brusande vilda Urubambafloden, i den tropiska regnskog, som är en del av Amazondjungeln.

Jag har med mig resenärernas bibel Lonely Planet, sätter fingret på Gringo Bill’s och läser:

“Gringo Bill’s has been a budget traveler’s favourite for many years. It attracts a laidback crowd that enjoys the spacey wall murals and the friendly but slow service in the restaurant. There is 24-hour hot water.”

Det passar mig precis.

Aguas Calientes huvudgata är en brant gränd upp mot de varma källorna, kantad av restauranger med envisa inropare. Jag slinker in på “The Enigma”, Restaurang Gåtan och väljer en vegetarisk rätt efter att ha kollat matsedelns andra erbjudanden om grillad hamster, stekt alpacha, eller utplattad kyckling, pollo milanese.

Det får bli en tortilla verdura, grönsaksomelett, med ett glas mate coca, te gjort på cocablad, och så papajajuice.

Utanför står tre soptunnor för källsortering, en för papper och plast, en för övrigt och den tredje utan någon märkning alls, för övrigt övrigt.

I gryningen tar jag bussen de tolv kilometrarna upp till Machu Pichu och betalar ett väl tilltaget inträde i dollar, inget för vanliga peruaner precis. Men alla invändningar förångas när jag väl är där och drabbas av platsens magi. Vad var det för människor som byggde den här staden, vars murar bevarats så väl – och varför valde de en så svårtillgänglig plats?

Machu Picchu ligger på en avgränsad bergsrygg, skyddad av djupa dalar med än högre berg åt alla håll. Grönskan är tropiskt ångande. Under fyra hundra år hade djungeln lindat in staden i grön osynlighet.

Jag passerar soltemplet och vattenreservoarerna. Sedan förstummas jag av Kondorens tempel innan jag fortsätter till de besynnerliga “mortlarna” och “Sacred rock” innan jag sätter mig vid Intiwatana, solfångaren och låter mig fascineras av arkitekturen och stadsplanen, det som Tore och Stoika Zetterholm kallat “en symfoni i sten” i sin “Stenarna ropa” (Bra Böcker, 1989).

Det börjar åska över bergen. Himlen drar ner mungiporna och antar en katastroflila färg. Långt nere från dalen hörs sirenen från tåget.

Den amerikanske arkeologen Hiram Bingham återupptäckte Machu Picchu 1911. Han var på jakt efter något annat och platsen gjorde inte större intryck på honom än att han pinsamt nog fortsatte efter några timmar. I sin rapport påföljande år om denna Yale-universitetets peruanska expedition ägnade han sju rader åt Machu Picchu men två sidor åt några förhistoriska skelett han funnit.

Så kan det bli, att en forskare bara upplever det han är beredd på men inte ser det oerhörda han/hon inte kunnat föreställa sig i förväg.

Hur ska jag som resenär kunna se det jag inte vet om att jag skulle kunna se? Det tänker jag ofta på.

Bingham återvände hit ett par gånger, men inte mellan 1915 och 1948. Det senare året invigde han den 12 km långa vägen från Aguas Calientes upp till ruinstaden.

Med järnvägen från Cuzco och bussvägen den sista biten blev Machu Picchu tillgängligt för besökare. Därmed uppstod ett dramatiskt internationellt uppsving för intresset för inkafolkets kultur, där så mycket är utlämnat till spekulationer eftersom den skriftlösa inkakulturen inte lämnade några dokument efter sig.

Spanjorerna förstörde allt de såg av inkafolkets kultur. Men de hörde aldrig talas om Machu Picchu. Förmodligen hade staden övergetts redan före deras ankomst. Ingen vet varför.

Inkakulturen är nu en självklar del av peruansk identitet. Men inte enkelt. Majoriteten av befolkningen är katoliker, också indianerna, som övertagit erövrarnas kultur. Samtidigt talar den indianska befolkningen ofta quechua (med rötter i inkatidens språk) som sitt förstaspråk, men också spanska. De flesta peruaner bär både förtryckaren och den förtryckte inom sig, både bödeln och hans offer.

Men fortfarande är de spanskättade en ekonomisk överklass och den andinska befolkningen med rötter i inkafolket en fattig majoritet tyngd av daglig kamp för sin överlevnad.

Alejandro Toledo, Perus nuvarande president, är den förste på posten med andinskt indianskt ursprung. Dagen efter den officiella installationen i Lima genomförde han en symboliskt laddad ceremoni i Machu Picchu.

Related Posts

LONDON – So far so good, at least on the wider level. While internally Iraq seems on the edge of chaos, the much heralded clash of civilizations between the Muslim and Judaeo-Christian worlds has yet to become apparent. We have anger and despair aplenty in the Arab and Muslim worlds. But very little rushing to the standard and there was no great pilgrimage of warriors to join the fight, as happened when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan twenty years ago, and then, having driven the Red Army out, were left to ferment in that mountainous redoubt. With the armaments supplied by the CIA the mujahidin were transformed into Al Qaeda that became, for a relatively brief moment as these things go, ‘the greatest threat to the homeland that America has ever known.’ Nevertheless a ‘Cold War’ between much of the Muslim world and the West is certainly in full swing. Winston...
The Challenge of Nuclear Weaponsin the Twenty-first CenturyA Path Forward The peoples and governments of the world face an urgent challenge relating to weaponry of mass destruction and particularly to nuclear weaponry.  At the crossroads of technology, terrorism, geopolitical ambition, and policies of preemption are new and potent dangers for humanity. Despite ending the nuclear standoff of the Cold War era, nuclear weaponry is again menacing the peoples of the world with catastrophic possibilities.  We recognize the need for any government to pursue its security interests in accordance with international law; and further, we recognize that distinctive threats to these interests now exist as a result of an active international terrorist network having declared war on the United States and its allies. Nonetheless, we reject the assessment of the current US administration that upgrading a reliance on nuclear weapons is in any sense justified as a response. We find it...
By Karin Wegestal MP, the Social Democratic Partyon behalf of the Swedish Committee for Solidarity with the Yugoslav People During the last decade, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has received more than 500,000 refugees from Croatia and Bosnia, and another 300,000 internally displaced persons, mainly from the province Kosovo and Metohia. For a country with about ten million inhabitants, such an influx of homeless people is obviously a very heavy burden – even under peaceful conditions. But in addition to that, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has been the subject to sanctions from the western powers for close to ten years and its infrastructure was badly hurt through Nato’s intense bombardment during 78 days in 1999. The result of all this is that Yugoslavia, once the most developed industrial country in Eastern Europe, is today the poorest country in Europe. In Serbia excluding Kosovo, with about ten million inhabitants and...

Recent Articles

Below are TFF-related media mentions, comments, videos and social media posts published elsewhere but not on this homepage. We happen to catch and list only a fraction. Regarding video comments and debates, we recommend that you go to the TFF Video Channel on Substack where many of them are reproduced. Jan Oberg is a contributor to China Daily – 52 million daily clicks – and Global Times, CGTN and CCTV (the national television), China Investment, Xinhua News Agency and several others. Articles and videos on these media very often multiply into countless Chinese (and Western media) that re-post them from these main media. Thanks to The China Academy, his analyses, interviews and comments are frequently posted on YouTube channels such as Thinkers Forum and Wave Media. These videos are often re-posted on Bilibili (China’s YouTube), the China Content Center on TikTok, and on the Chinese edition of TikTok, Douyin.com. This means reaching hundreds of millions of viewers worldwide over a year. While there are too many to catch on all these...
Jan Oberg TFF director October 13, 2026 According to Alfred Nobel’s will, the Nobel Peace Prize shall be awarded: ”to the person who has done the most or best to advance fellowship among nations, the abolition or reduction of standing armies, and the establishment and promotion of peace congresses.” Further down, he also expresses how the prize for the “champions of peace” shall be decided: “that for champions of peace by a committee of five persons to be selected by the Norwegian Storting. Alfred Nobel’s will is remarkably short and clear. But few seem to have read it. Nobel did not say that the committee itself should consist of members of parliament. He entrusted the Storting with appointing five persons. In principle, it could have selected diplomats, mediators, peace researchers, conflict-resolution specialists, or other individuals with recognised expertise in matters of peace from around the world. Instead, the Storting gradually...
The Quest for Humane Survival Richard Falk Professor emeritus, Princeton UniversityTFF Associate since 1986October 12, 2026 After decades of teaching and writing about international law in academic frameworks that were not institutionally situated within law school environments—at Princeton and the University of California, Santa Barbara—I found myself most receptive to the TWAIL outlook. It has been especially illuminating in clarifying the extent to which international law evolved as a dialogical critique of Europe’s efforts to legitimize its colonial undertakings. In particular, TWAIL has exposed how international law has functioned to legalize the subjugation of Third World peoples, securing conditions for exploitative investment and trade relations, the coercive enforcement of public debts, and an ideology of cultural superiority. TWAIL’s exposure of these economic legacies of colonialism has influenced my understanding of the history and development of international law, broadly conceived, as an ideological project of the Western sub-system of the world...

TFF on Substack

Discover and subscribe to more peace materials on TFF Substack

Most Popular

Below are TFF-related media mentions, comments, videos and social media posts published elsewhere but not on this homepage. We happen to catch and list only a fraction. Regarding video comments and debates, we recommend that you go to the TFF Video Channel on Substack where many of them are reproduced. Jan Oberg is a contributor to China Daily – 52 million daily clicks – and Global Times, CGTN and CCTV (the national television), China Investment, Xinhua News Agency and several others. Articles and videos on these media very often multiply into countless Chinese (and Western media) that re-post them from these main media. Thanks to The China Academy, his analyses, interviews and comments are frequently posted on YouTube channels such as Thinkers Forum and Wave Media. These videos are often re-posted on Bilibili (China’s YouTube), the China Content Center on TikTok, and on the Chinese edition of TikTok, Douyin.com. This means reaching hundreds of millions of viewers worldwide over a year. While there are too many to catch on all these...
Jan Oberg TFF director October 13, 2026 According to Alfred Nobel’s will, the Nobel Peace Prize shall be awarded: ”to the person who has done the most or best to advance fellowship among nations, the abolition or reduction of standing armies, and the establishment and promotion of peace congresses.” Further down, he also expresses how the prize for the “champions of peace” shall be decided: “that for champions of peace by a committee of five persons to be selected by the Norwegian Storting. Alfred Nobel’s will is remarkably short and clear. But few seem to have read it. Nobel did not say that the committee itself should consist of members of parliament. He entrusted the Storting with appointing five persons. In principle, it could have selected diplomats, mediators, peace researchers, conflict-resolution specialists, or other individuals with recognised expertise in matters of peace from around the world. Instead, the Storting gradually...
The Quest for Humane Survival Richard Falk Professor emeritus, Princeton UniversityTFF Associate since 1986October 12, 2026 After decades of teaching and writing about international law in academic frameworks that were not institutionally situated within law school environments—at Princeton and the University of California, Santa Barbara—I found myself most receptive to the TWAIL outlook. It has been especially illuminating in clarifying the extent to which international law evolved as a dialogical critique of Europe’s efforts to legitimize its colonial undertakings. In particular, TWAIL has exposed how international law has functioned to legalize the subjugation of Third World peoples, securing conditions for exploitative investment and trade relations, the coercive enforcement of public debts, and an ideology of cultural superiority. TWAIL’s exposure of these economic legacies of colonialism has influenced my understanding of the history and development of international law, broadly conceived, as an ideological project of the Western sub-system of the world...
Read More
girl-5894831_1280
Below are TFF-related media mentions, comments, videos and social media posts published elsewhere but not on this homepage. We happen to catch and list only a fraction. Regarding video comments and debates, we recommend that you go to the TFF Video Channel on Substack where many of them are reproduced. Jan Oberg is a contributor to China Daily – 52 million daily clicks – and Global Times, CGTN and CCTV (the national television), China Investment, Xinhua News Agency and several others. Articles and videos on these media very often multiply into countless Chinese (and Western media) that re-post them from these main media. Thanks to The China Academy, his analyses, interviews and comments are frequently posted on YouTube channels such as Thinkers Forum and Wave Media. These videos are often re-posted on Bilibili (China’s YouTube), the China Content Center on TikTok, and on the Chinese edition of TikTok, Douyin.com. This means reaching hundreds of millions of viewers worldwide over a year. While there are too many to catch on all these...
Nobel-Prize-Plaque
Jan Oberg TFF director October 13, 2026 According to Alfred Nobel’s will, the Nobel Peace Prize shall be awarded: ”to the person who has done the most or best to advance fellowship among nations, the abolition or reduction of standing armies, and the establishment and promotion of peace congresses.” Further down, he also expresses how the prize for the “champions of peace” shall be decided: “that for champions of peace by a committee of five persons to be selected by the Norwegian Storting. Alfred Nobel’s will is remarkably short and clear. But few seem to have read it. Nobel did not say that the committee itself should consist of members of parliament. He entrusted the Storting with appointing five persons. In principle, it could have selected diplomats, mediators, peace researchers, conflict-resolution specialists, or other individuals with recognised expertise in matters of peace from around the world. Instead, the Storting gradually...
law-419057_1280
The Quest for Humane Survival Richard Falk Professor emeritus, Princeton UniversityTFF Associate since 1986October 12, 2026 After decades of teaching and writing about international law in academic frameworks that were not institutionally situated within law school environments—at Princeton and the University of California, Santa Barbara—I found myself most receptive to the TWAIL outlook. It has been especially illuminating in clarifying the extent to which international law evolved as a dialogical critique of Europe’s efforts to legitimize its colonial undertakings. In particular, TWAIL has exposed how international law has functioned to legalize the subjugation of Third World peoples, securing conditions for exploitative investment and trade relations, the coercive enforcement of public debts, and an ideology of cultural superiority. TWAIL’s exposure of these economic legacies of colonialism has influenced my understanding of the history and development of international law, broadly conceived, as an ideological project of the Western sub-system of the world...
images-2
Advocates of nuclear disarmament are regularly dismissed by the champions of nuclear deterrence as naïve and unrealistic, utopian or even irresponsible. Yet this ‘doctrine’ of deterrence, regarded by France as the ‘cornerstone’ of its national security, is based on quasi-religious beliefs, a theory that cannot be proven, risky gambles and fragile assumptions. So much so that one might legitimately ask which side the ‘Care Bears’ are on. Marc FinaudVice-President of Initiatives for Nuclear Disarmament (IDN) October 9, 2026 This article was originally published on Pressenza When it comes to these things being treated as religious concepts, look here. Idealists and realists It was Hubert Védrine, François Mitterrand’s former Foreign Minister, who repeatedly coined the phrase: ‘Europeans are a sort of Care Bears who don’t realise they’re living in Jurassic Park’. He applies this reference to the cartoon for well-behaved children not only to what he regards as weakness or idealism...
8824b09f-33a5-43f9-9fd0-550f28cda24d_1536x1024
What the West Borrowed from Asia and What It Left Behind Jan Krikke October 8, 2026 The article was originally published here In the late 1960s, the musical Hair announced that the Age of Aquarius was dawning. Its opening anthem promised a transformation of human consciousness: an era of peace, harmony and understanding. Half a century later, a familiar echo of that promise is a meditation app offered by your employer. You can find it in the same list of benefits as the pension plan and the gym discount. How did a spiritual revolution become an employee benefit? The answer lies in the history of the movement known as New Age: where it came from, what it borrowed from Asia, and why the meaning of what it borrowed changed in the process. Two definitions will help. New Age is a loose label for a wide range of spiritual practices and...
Screenshot 2026-10-04 210142
Small and different + among the 10% most active + 9,000 texts + 150 Associates + 60 000 a day — and a stubborn belief that peace is smarter and must be secured by peaceful means. In 2026, the Transnational Foundation for Peace and Future Research (TFF) turns 40. On Monday, October 5, 2026, a new TFF homepage will go live — a new gateway to more than 9,000 articles, analyses, research papers and other contributions produced over four decades of independent peace research. But this is not simply a new website. For four decades, TFF has worked from a simple conviction: peace is smarter than militarism and can be brought about by peaceful means. This is not merely an aspiration. It is the principle expressed in the UN Charter and the Gandhian tradition that has guided our work from the beginning. TFF is a research-based, independent and people-financed foundation....