I det mörkaste Peru 4
Reflexioner från en resa

Inkastaden Machu Picchu tillhör självklart Världskulturarvet, men ingick länge också i det Hotade Världskulturarvet, då peruanska myndigheternas hade planer på att bygga en linbana för att ta hit än fler turister.

Platsen ligger numera också i dollarzonen.

På tåget från Cuzco till Machu Picchu (enda sättet att komma dit) beställer en amerikan en flaska mineralvatten och betalar med en tiodollarsedel, som om Peru vore en amerikansk provins.

Järnvägen är ett mirakel. Första biten från Cuzco är så brant att tåget måste fara i zick-zack flera gånger, först upp en bit, sen baklänges på nytt spår. Det är den märkligaste tågresa jag gjort.

Sista biten går mellan höga berg i en djup ravin längs Urubambafloden, dessvärre så förorenad att det inte går att fiska i den.

Efter fyra timmars resa kommer jag till en by med varma källor, Aguas Caliente, “De varma vattnen”, vid den brusande vilda Urubambafloden, i den tropiska regnskog, som är en del av Amazondjungeln.

Jag har med mig resenärernas bibel Lonely Planet, sätter fingret på Gringo Bill’s och läser:

“Gringo Bill’s has been a budget traveler’s favourite for many years. It attracts a laidback crowd that enjoys the spacey wall murals and the friendly but slow service in the restaurant. There is 24-hour hot water.”

Det passar mig precis.

Aguas Calientes huvudgata är en brant gränd upp mot de varma källorna, kantad av restauranger med envisa inropare. Jag slinker in på “The Enigma”, Restaurang Gåtan och väljer en vegetarisk rätt efter att ha kollat matsedelns andra erbjudanden om grillad hamster, stekt alpacha, eller utplattad kyckling, pollo milanese.

Det får bli en tortilla verdura, grönsaksomelett, med ett glas mate coca, te gjort på cocablad, och så papajajuice.

Utanför står tre soptunnor för källsortering, en för papper och plast, en för övrigt och den tredje utan någon märkning alls, för övrigt övrigt.

I gryningen tar jag bussen de tolv kilometrarna upp till Machu Pichu och betalar ett väl tilltaget inträde i dollar, inget för vanliga peruaner precis. Men alla invändningar förångas när jag väl är där och drabbas av platsens magi. Vad var det för människor som byggde den här staden, vars murar bevarats så väl – och varför valde de en så svårtillgänglig plats?

Machu Picchu ligger på en avgränsad bergsrygg, skyddad av djupa dalar med än högre berg åt alla håll. Grönskan är tropiskt ångande. Under fyra hundra år hade djungeln lindat in staden i grön osynlighet.

Jag passerar soltemplet och vattenreservoarerna. Sedan förstummas jag av Kondorens tempel innan jag fortsätter till de besynnerliga “mortlarna” och “Sacred rock” innan jag sätter mig vid Intiwatana, solfångaren och låter mig fascineras av arkitekturen och stadsplanen, det som Tore och Stoika Zetterholm kallat “en symfoni i sten” i sin “Stenarna ropa” (Bra Böcker, 1989).

Det börjar åska över bergen. Himlen drar ner mungiporna och antar en katastroflila färg. Långt nere från dalen hörs sirenen från tåget.

Den amerikanske arkeologen Hiram Bingham återupptäckte Machu Picchu 1911. Han var på jakt efter något annat och platsen gjorde inte större intryck på honom än att han pinsamt nog fortsatte efter några timmar. I sin rapport påföljande år om denna Yale-universitetets peruanska expedition ägnade han sju rader åt Machu Picchu men två sidor åt några förhistoriska skelett han funnit.

Så kan det bli, att en forskare bara upplever det han är beredd på men inte ser det oerhörda han/hon inte kunnat föreställa sig i förväg.

Hur ska jag som resenär kunna se det jag inte vet om att jag skulle kunna se? Det tänker jag ofta på.

Bingham återvände hit ett par gånger, men inte mellan 1915 och 1948. Det senare året invigde han den 12 km långa vägen från Aguas Calientes upp till ruinstaden.

Med järnvägen från Cuzco och bussvägen den sista biten blev Machu Picchu tillgängligt för besökare. Därmed uppstod ett dramatiskt internationellt uppsving för intresset för inkafolkets kultur, där så mycket är utlämnat till spekulationer eftersom den skriftlösa inkakulturen inte lämnade några dokument efter sig.

Spanjorerna förstörde allt de såg av inkafolkets kultur. Men de hörde aldrig talas om Machu Picchu. Förmodligen hade staden övergetts redan före deras ankomst. Ingen vet varför.

Inkakulturen är nu en självklar del av peruansk identitet. Men inte enkelt. Majoriteten av befolkningen är katoliker, också indianerna, som övertagit erövrarnas kultur. Samtidigt talar den indianska befolkningen ofta quechua (med rötter i inkatidens språk) som sitt förstaspråk, men också spanska. De flesta peruaner bär både förtryckaren och den förtryckte inom sig, både bödeln och hans offer.

Men fortfarande är de spanskättade en ekonomisk överklass och den andinska befolkningen med rötter i inkafolket en fattig majoritet tyngd av daglig kamp för sin överlevnad.

Alejandro Toledo, Perus nuvarande president, är den förste på posten med andinskt indianskt ursprung. Dagen efter den officiella installationen i Lima genomförde han en symboliskt laddad ceremoni i Machu Picchu.

Related Posts

LONDON – So far so good, at least on the wider level. While internally Iraq seems on the edge of chaos, the much heralded clash of civilizations between the Muslim and Judaeo-Christian worlds has yet to become apparent. We have anger and despair aplenty in the Arab and Muslim worlds. But very little rushing to the standard and there was no great pilgrimage of warriors to join the fight, as happened when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan twenty years ago, and then, having driven the Red Army out, were left to ferment in that mountainous redoubt. With the armaments supplied by the CIA the mujahidin were transformed into Al Qaeda that became, for a relatively brief moment as these things go, ‘the greatest threat to the homeland that America has ever known.’ Nevertheless a ‘Cold War’ between much of the Muslim world and the West is certainly in full swing. Winston...
The Challenge of Nuclear Weaponsin the Twenty-first CenturyA Path Forward The peoples and governments of the world face an urgent challenge relating to weaponry of mass destruction and particularly to nuclear weaponry.  At the crossroads of technology, terrorism, geopolitical ambition, and policies of preemption are new and potent dangers for humanity. Despite ending the nuclear standoff of the Cold War era, nuclear weaponry is again menacing the peoples of the world with catastrophic possibilities.  We recognize the need for any government to pursue its security interests in accordance with international law; and further, we recognize that distinctive threats to these interests now exist as a result of an active international terrorist network having declared war on the United States and its allies. Nonetheless, we reject the assessment of the current US administration that upgrading a reliance on nuclear weapons is in any sense justified as a response. We find it...
By Karin Wegestal MP, the Social Democratic Partyon behalf of the Swedish Committee for Solidarity with the Yugoslav People During the last decade, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has received more than 500,000 refugees from Croatia and Bosnia, and another 300,000 internally displaced persons, mainly from the province Kosovo and Metohia. For a country with about ten million inhabitants, such an influx of homeless people is obviously a very heavy burden – even under peaceful conditions. But in addition to that, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has been the subject to sanctions from the western powers for close to ten years and its infrastructure was badly hurt through Nato’s intense bombardment during 78 days in 1999. The result of all this is that Yugoslavia, once the most developed industrial country in Eastern Europe, is today the poorest country in Europe. In Serbia excluding Kosovo, with about ten million inhabitants and...

Recent Articles

Photo above: Carl Fredrik Reuterswärd’s Non-Violence outside UN Headquarters in New York. Kirill Levin, CC BY-NC-SA 2. Jan Oberg November 3, 2026 I am happy to be published in Horizons which is produced by the Center for International Relations and Sustainable Development, CIRSD, in Belgrade. My contribution brings out a radical re-thinking of what concepts such as defence, security, deterrence – and peace – may mean if we want to create a more peaceful world. It also summarises a few things I have been working with the last few decades. Please read it here Og her er den på dansk, takket være Johnny Baltzersens lynhurtige oversættelse
UNITE-tillid, DREAM-velstand og andre konstruktive komponenter Normally we publish articles in English here. But this is a translation of a very important TFF document that should reach as many as possible in Denmark since this country’s government has been one of the most hardline in Europe and, up till now at least, has refused to use diplomacy and, instead, spent tremendous sums on arming Ukraine with the express goal of defeating Russia. Thus this – unique – article is in Danish. Vi er Johnny Baltzersen og hans Fælles Sikkerhed – Fælles Fremtid på Substack overmåde taknemmelige for at have oversat og publiceret TFF’s 2025-portfølje for fredsidéer med henblik på Ukraines fremtid. Vi håber den nu kan nå mange flere danskere – som også vil sprede den og skabe debat – nu den danske regerings og folketingspartiernes politik på dette område siden 2022 står nu – forudsigeligt – ved vejs ende....
Jan Oberg TFF director October 28, 2026 Exactly one month has now passed since I published my criticism of the introduction to the special issue on Johan Galtung published by the Journal of Global Security Studies, JoGSS, and of Tor Egil Førland’s chapter about Galtung which serves as a preview to his forthcoming biography of Galtung to be published by PRIO. See the original on The Transnational here and the same article on TFF Substack with many general and critical comments and, in particular, the people who decided to withdraw from the biography project in protest. The special issue itself was extraordinary. It was devoted to the intellectual legacy of one of the founders of peace research and contained a number of strong assessments of his personality, scholarship, intellectual trajectory, and public role. Such assessments are, of course, entirely legitimate. No scholar is beyond criticism, and neither was Johan Galtung....

TFF on Substack

Discover and subscribe to more peace materials on TFF Substack

Most Popular

Photo above: Carl Fredrik Reuterswärd’s Non-Violence outside UN Headquarters in New York. Kirill Levin, CC BY-NC-SA 2. Jan Oberg November 3, 2026 I am happy to be published in Horizons which is produced by the Center for International Relations and Sustainable Development, CIRSD, in Belgrade. My contribution brings out a radical re-thinking of what concepts such as defence, security, deterrence – and peace – may mean if we want to create a more peaceful world. It also summarises a few things I have been working with the last few decades. Please read it here Og her er den på dansk, takket være Johnny Baltzersens lynhurtige oversættelse
UNITE-tillid, DREAM-velstand og andre konstruktive komponenter Normally we publish articles in English here. But this is a translation of a very important TFF document that should reach as many as possible in Denmark since this country’s government has been one of the most hardline in Europe and, up till now at least, has refused to use diplomacy and, instead, spent tremendous sums on arming Ukraine with the express goal of defeating Russia. Thus this – unique – article is in Danish. Vi er Johnny Baltzersen og hans Fælles Sikkerhed – Fælles Fremtid på Substack overmåde taknemmelige for at have oversat og publiceret TFF’s 2025-portfølje for fredsidéer med henblik på Ukraines fremtid. Vi håber den nu kan nå mange flere danskere – som også vil sprede den og skabe debat – nu den danske regerings og folketingspartiernes politik på dette område siden 2022 står nu – forudsigeligt – ved vejs ende....
Jan Oberg TFF director October 28, 2026 Exactly one month has now passed since I published my criticism of the introduction to the special issue on Johan Galtung published by the Journal of Global Security Studies, JoGSS, and of Tor Egil Førland’s chapter about Galtung which serves as a preview to his forthcoming biography of Galtung to be published by PRIO. See the original on The Transnational here and the same article on TFF Substack with many general and critical comments and, in particular, the people who decided to withdraw from the biography project in protest. The special issue itself was extraordinary. It was devoted to the intellectual legacy of one of the founders of peace research and contained a number of strong assessments of his personality, scholarship, intellectual trajectory, and public role. Such assessments are, of course, entirely legitimate. No scholar is beyond criticism, and neither was Johan Galtung....
Read More
knotted gun
Photo above: Carl Fredrik Reuterswärd’s Non-Violence outside UN Headquarters in New York. Kirill Levin, CC BY-NC-SA 2. Jan Oberg November 3, 2026 I am happy to be published in Horizons which is produced by the Center for International Relations and Sustainable Development, CIRSD, in Belgrade. My contribution brings out a radical re-thinking of what concepts such as defence, security, deterrence – and peace – may mean if we want to create a more peaceful world. It also summarises a few things I have been working with the last few decades. Please read it here Og her er den på dansk, takket være Johnny Baltzersens lynhurtige oversættelse
TFFPortfolioVign
UNITE-tillid, DREAM-velstand og andre konstruktive komponenter Normally we publish articles in English here. But this is a translation of a very important TFF document that should reach as many as possible in Denmark since this country’s government has been one of the most hardline in Europe and, up till now at least, has refused to use diplomacy and, instead, spent tremendous sums on arming Ukraine with the express goal of defeating Russia. Thus this – unique – article is in Danish. Vi er Johnny Baltzersen og hans Fælles Sikkerhed – Fælles Fremtid på Substack overmåde taknemmelige for at have oversat og publiceret TFF’s 2025-portfølje for fredsidéer med henblik på Ukraines fremtid. Vi håber den nu kan nå mange flere danskere – som også vil sprede den og skabe debat – nu den danske regerings og folketingspartiernes politik på dette område siden 2022 står nu – forudsigeligt – ved vejs ende....
JoGSS-Silent
Jan Oberg TFF director October 28, 2026 Exactly one month has now passed since I published my criticism of the introduction to the special issue on Johan Galtung published by the Journal of Global Security Studies, JoGSS, and of Tor Egil Førland’s chapter about Galtung which serves as a preview to his forthcoming biography of Galtung to be published by PRIO. See the original on The Transnational here and the same article on TFF Substack with many general and critical comments and, in particular, the people who decided to withdraw from the biography project in protest. The special issue itself was extraordinary. It was devoted to the intellectual legacy of one of the founders of peace research and contained a number of strong assessments of his personality, scholarship, intellectual trajectory, and public role. Such assessments are, of course, entirely legitimate. No scholar is beyond criticism, and neither was Johan Galtung....
Screenshot 2026-10-26 115647
An aspect of Iran’s culture and civilisation you’ve probably never heard about. Don’t be surprised if the US and Israel also try to bomb them. Jan ObergTFF director October 26, 2026 Today – under the “USraeli” threat of new “annihilating” bombings – opens the 7th International Conference on Peace and Conflict Resolution at Tehran’s University. As far as I can tell, this is the only permanent, advanced peace research institution in West Asia/the Middle East. Perhaps more countries in that region could be inspired? I mean, how many military “security” institutes and military academies do they have? Many peace research institutes and university departments have been established since the 1950s in the West. They are now all under attack; some have closed down, some have gone mainstream, yet others kept the name but do nothing to research peace and disseminate results or advice; instead, they cooperate with militarism’s platforms such...
Screenshot 2026-10-15 141837
Let’s discuss using AI to create peace – in contrast to boring geopolitics devoid of creative healing and visions. Jan Oberg TFF director October 15, 2026 I asked VEED to create a short video exemplifying how peace is preferable to war, then chose the lady as a template. Simple as that. In less than a minute, it produced this video, which any peace-loving person would appreciate. The only problem is that human intelligence (HI), at least the one that exists among Western decision-makers, isn’t half as moral or smart as AI. I have used AI to dialogue about peace and peace plans, creative conflict resolution and visions of a better future for humankind. It so happens that I am having more stimulating, intelligent, creative and moral discussions with AI than I could possibly have with any EU or NATO leader today. Yes, AI has very problematic and dangerous aspects; used...
girl-5894831_1280
Below are TFF-related media mentions, comments, videos and social media posts published elsewhere but not on this homepage. We happen to catch and list only a fraction. Regarding video comments and debates, we recommend that you go to the TFF Video Channel on Substack where many of them are reproduced. Jan Oberg is a contributor to China Daily – 52 million daily clicks – and Global Times, CGTN and CCTV (the national television), China Investment, Xinhua News Agency and several others. Articles and videos on these media very often multiply into countless Chinese (and Western media) that re-post them from these main media. Thanks to The China Academy, his analyses, interviews and comments are frequently posted on YouTube channels such as Thinkers Forum and Wave Media. These videos are often re-posted on Bilibili (China’s YouTube), the China Content Center on TikTok, and on the Chinese edition of TikTok, Douyin.com. This means reaching hundreds of millions of viewers worldwide over a year. While there are too many to catch on all these...